The Rise of Technology and Film throughout the Twentieth Century :: Film Movie Movies Technology Computers

The Rise of Technology and Film throughout the Twentieth Century As time and people are continually changing, so is knowledge and information; and in the film industry there are inevitable technological advances necessary to keep the attraction of the public. It is through graphic effects, sounds and visual recordings that all individuals see how we have evolved to present day digital technology; and it is because of the efforts and ideas of the first and latest great innovators of the twentieth century that we have advanced in film and computers. Technology is a central issue surrounding film making from the times of Charlie Chaplin's silent films to today's modern and computer-animated films such as George Lucas's Star Wars. In addition there have been a system of changes in computer, phone and video enhancement which has propelled vast amounts of information knowledge to the public at a rapid rate. Film was not always as it is today due to the digital sounds and graphic picture enhancements of George Lucas's THX digital sound in the late 1970s to enhance the audience's perceptions. Sound was first discovered in 1928 and the first films before that were silent. There is a social need to heighten an audience's film going experience and it allows each person to color their own views of what they see and presents either directly or indirectly society's moral values. Time is a major factor in innovation because it provides visions, which point to the future but do not disregard the attempts of innovation in the past. Such inventions are Industrial Light and Magic's development of special effects like motion-control camera's which alter the audience's perceptions and create a more realistic setting to enhance the imagination. Entertainment has traveled from burlesque and vaudeville to high tech filmmaking, and this is the physical existence of our century. The Era of Silent Film in the early 1900s had such geniuses as Charlie Chaplin who paved the road to the time of the "talkies" and to development of sound. If not for him and some other "greats" along the way, where would our film culture be today? Much of the history of our nation seems to be held as digital recordings through visuals. In this respect it is interwoven with the current era of computer information because we want to preserve and record the history of the present as well as at the turn of the millennium.

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Journal of Chemical Engineering, IEB Vol. ChE. 26, No. 1, December 2011 Renewable Energy: The Key to Achieving Sustainable Development of Rural Bangladesh M. S. Islam, A. M. H. R. Khan, S. Nasreen, F. Rabbi & M. R. Islam Grameen Shakti Grameen Bank Bhaban (19th floor), Mirpur 2, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh Abstract Renewable energy technologies (RETs) can help reduce poverty, energy shortage and environmental degradation such as desertification, biodiversity depletion and climate change effects in Bangladesh. The country is short of gas and electricity supply.Over-exploitation of biomass in meeting energy needs of the rural people has caused environmental degradation. RET can help solve those problems if it is widely used in the rural Bangladesh where people primarily depend on biomass energy. Bangladesh has enough renewable to mi tigate such energy crisis and its adverse consequences. Bangladesh being an underdeveloped country, global initiative would be helpful in transferring RETs for the village households. This paper describes the glimpses of RETs in Bangladesh in terms of its policy issues, implementation, dissemination, marketing, and research and development activities.Modern RETs are still in the research, development and demonstration phase in the country. Like most of the developing countries, there is a niche market for new RETs and several private sector entrepreneurs and NGOs have tried to explore this market. Keywords renewable energy technology; solar home system; rural development; environmental; electricity; biogas; improved cooking stove; clean energy; energy efficiency. Introduction Bangladesh has major problems with energy crisis, persisting poverty and environmental degradation. With only 49% of Bangladeshis having access to electricity, the per capita energy use is only 180 kWh.Moreover, the people who are connected with the national grid are experiencing frequent load shedding. At present, the country can generate about 4500 MW electricity, w hile peak demand is about 6000 MW (USAID, 2011). Therefore, the supply is unreliable. Most of the supply is limited to urban areas; access to electricity in rural areas is less than 10%. RET can solve this problem by renewable such as sunshine, wind, tidal waves, waterfalls or river current, sea waves or biomass. Use of rene wable energy, increased energy efficiency and enhancement of energy security constitute a sustainable energy strategy pproach. Renewable forms of energy emit far smaller amounts of greenhouse gases compared with fossil fuels and increased energy conserv ation facilitates the reduction of primary fossil fuel use, thus mitigating climate change impacts while contributing to the provision of energy services and enhancing security of energy supply. Usable biomass including cow dung, human excreta, poultry litter, kitchen organic waste, aquatic plants and weeds of a village in Bangladesh can produce the amount of biogas that villagers require for cooking. The ferment ed slurry from biogas digester is enriched with nitrogen, otassium and other nutrients. It is, therefore, best for soil, environmental health and agricultural productivity management. On the other hand, Bangladesh has one of the highest solar insulation on the earth. The average solar radiation varies here from 5. 05 kWh/m2 day in winter to 8. 03 kWh/m2 day in summer. As Bangladesh is a compact flat country with a little geographic variation, the solar radiation data collected from one point may be treated as that of the whole country. In other word, affordable availability of RETs to the rural area could be the panacea of poverty reduction and environmental fix inBangladesh. Synergy The relationship between energy and economic development is crucial; the process of economic growth requires the substation of energy mix in the performance of agriculture, industrial and domestic tasks. The lack of adequate energy in rural Bangladesh has economic costs not just at the individual and ho usehold level but at the national level as well. Development in Bangladesh without corresponding increase in per capi ta electricity and gas consumption is, therefore, not feasible. Everyone needs energy in one form or another, for day-to-day life, for cooking, lighting, heating and so on.Consequently, energy is to be considered as a basic need along with food, water, shelter and others. In social aspects, energy plays a key role in achieving social justice including gender justice. Low level of energy service is a serious obstacle to raising social, health and nutritional status of community. Dependence on human energy and primitive technologies for survival introduces a whole range of obstacles to social and gender equality. The rural people in general, and rural females in particular, are tapped in an unceasing cycle of works that condemns them to poor health, l ittle or no ducation and deprives them in equal participation in local development programs (i. e. education, income ge nerating activities, etc. ), self governing bodies and political movements. Improved energy services can be at * Corresponding Author Email: [email  protected] com Page 9 / 79 Journal of Chemical Engineering, IEB Vol. ChE. 26, No. 1, December 2011 the centre of any strategy to mitigate the gender disparity. The availability of adequate, reliable and reasonably priced source of energy is, therefore, prerequisite for the development of rural Bangladesh. Suggestions can now be made to the extent that the usage of RETs would aunch a new era of appropriate technology, sustainable socio-economic and environmental development in the country. Rural Energy Needs More than 70% of total populations of the country live in rural areas. At present major portion of total energy needs for cooking is met by locally available biomass fuels. The rural electrification program meets a small portion of total energy needs. For overall national development there is a need to pay special attention so that the energy needs of rural areas for subsis tence and productive requirements (e. g. agriculture, industries, and transport) are met on a sustainable basis.Different types of renewable energy technologies such as Solar Home System (SHS), Biogas, and Improved Cooking Stoves (ICS) are suitable for Bangladesh. A Solar Bangladesh SHS has been a successful story in Bangladesh. Our rural people have accepted SHS on a mass scale. Once it was thought that solar energy was not affordable for the rural people. This myth has been broken. Along with thirty partner organizations in the country, as of August 2011, over one million SHS have been installed in Bangladesh, benefiting over 6 million rural people (IDCOL, 2011). On average, more than 35,000 systems are installed very month and within the next 1 to 3 years, this rate is likely to be triple. A powerful economic model has been created to make solar energy a part of rural life, integrating one of most sophisticated technologies with the asp irations, toils and successes of the rural people. A rural family can have bright light, watch TV and power their mobile phones at the same cost as kerosene, while escaping from dim light, foul smelling smoke including health and fire hazards. Rural businesses can increase their productivity and income through extended wor king hours and attracting more customers. This sector has been creating green jobs and linkage usinesses especially in the rural areas. Hundreds of local youth s are working in the rural areas as solar technicians. Rural women are assembling solar access ories in village based Technology Centres. Solar engineers are increasingly employed in designing SHS, working in battery factories, and other accessory related businesses. Bangladesh is on the verge of a Solar Revolution. Increased aspirations, failure of grid electricity, growing machination and disposable income have created huge potential for solar energy in rural areas. Biogas Technology Biogas is a proven an d widely used source of energy in the country.There is now yet another wave of renewed interest in biogas due to the increasing concerns of climate change, indoor air pollution and increasing oil prices. Such concerns, particularly for climate change, open opportunities for the use of the CDM benefits in the promotion of biogas. In spite of being insignificant in volume, the availability of biogas to very large number of rural people and to very remote areas makes the technology very suitable and effective. True, commercially produced pipeline natural gas plays and will continue to play vital ro le in the industrialization and urbanization of the country, but his gas will not reach the remote village households any time soon, if at all! In that respect there is no alternative to biogas for the millions of villagers. The above situation leaves the rural population to rely on the traditional biomass sources for household supply of energy. Over the last few decades there have been rene wed interests and initiatives by many organizations to innovate new and improved biomass energy technologies whereby the biomass energy sources can be used more efficiently and cost effectively for the rural people. The most popular and widely used of these technologies has been the biogas technology in which iomass (cow dung, poultry dropping, agricultural residue etc) is converted into biogas. The biogas is supplied to households for use in cooking in a similar way natural gas is used. In addition, biogas may be used to light houses. Biogas can also be used to run small generator to produce electricity for running electrical household appliances like TV, electric light, fridge etc. Biogas technology is the most ideal technology for rural Bangladesh. Biogas plant is built with simple technology and uses raw material easily available with the rural households — mostly cow dung. Biogas is a kind of gas generated when biomass i. . cow dung or other animal dung or biodegradable organic masses are stored in underground chamber in an anaerobic condition (absence of oxygen). It is a kind of anaerobic bacteria that produces the biogas from the organic debris. The composition of biogas is mainly methane (60 to 70%) with lesser amount of carbon dioxide (30 to 40%) and traces of hydrogen and nitrogen. It is a colourless gas and burns in similar way as natural gas (it actually burns at 800  °C compared to natural gas which burns at 1000  °C, both suitable for cooking and any other household application). A biogas plant consists of a brick made nderground chamber about 10 feet in height connected to a smaller surface feeding chamber on one side and a debris outlet chamber on the other side. Cow dung or other biomass material with water (in 1:1 ratio) are fed once a day into the underground chamber from the surface and biogas is generated and accumulated at the top part of the chamber. The gas is tapped by inserting a rubber pipe and supplied to kitchen or other places in the house. After producing gas, the residue is moved to the outlet chamber under the gas pressure and incoming new biomass materials and is deposited in a pit as a very good uality fertilizer ready to use in the field. In Bangladesh about 44 million tons of fuel wood is used in rural areas as cooking fuel each year (Islam and Islam, 2011). These destroy our forest and have negative impact on weather, land and environment. Also, as other biomasses like leaves, cow dung and agricultural residues are burnt as cooking fuel, these can no more help as a natural fertilizer as part of the cycle that keeps Page 10 / 79 Journal of Chemical Engineering, IEB Vol. ChE. 26, No. 1, December 2011 the balance in the ecosystem. In all the above counts, use of biogas technology will bring about benefits to the nvironment and the people. It certainly upgrades an ageold inefficient and poor energy use practice into a more efficient and scientific one. Improved Cooking Stove ICS are those trad itional stoves upon which some modifications have been made to give higher thermal efficiencies. The efficiencies are defined as a fraction of heat content of the fuel fruitfully utilized. Improved stove save 50-60% traditional fuel as compared with traditional ones. Total amount of traditional fuel consumption in the country is about 39 million tons annually. If improved stoves popularized in the country and if it saves 50% raditional fuel, then annually about 19. 5 million tons of traditional fuel will be saved. The reduction s of traditional fuels by improved stoves, therefore , have lower emission of green house gases in the atmosphere. It also helps conserve the forest resources of the country. In Bangladesh it will be difficult to supply natural gas for cooking purpose to the every households of the country. Therefore, improved stoves have bright future in the country. Large scale dissemination of improved stoves in the country can conserve the local forest and change the soci al life to a great extent. Factors of SuccessRET is the technology of the Future. But unless this technology can reach the most deprived and vulnerable group in the world today – the millions of rural people who suffer most from the energy crisis – this technology will neither reach its full potential, nor will the economic and social problems of the world be solved. In the early stage when very few POs started to promote renewable among the rural people, village electrification was considered the domain of government programs and development aid, leaving a lega cy of inefficiency and squandered subsidies. Eventually some innovative financing scheme had been created to make RET ffordable for rural people. Innovative Financial Schemes to make the Technology Affordable at the same cost as Kerosene RET is still expensive relative to traditional energy sources. One of our initial challenges was to bring down the high upfront cost of a solar system. An innovative installmen t based financial scheme worked fantastically which reduced the cost of a system to monthly ker osene cost. This is at the central core of our success story. It also allowed us to expand our market and reach economies of scale which further allowed us to bring down our costs per unit and engage in a profitable, sustainable business.Instead of renting, we focused on ownership which translates into better care and longevity of the system. As the price of traditional energy sources rises, renewable energy technology is becoming more and more viable, especially due to its low per unit cost. But, the high upfront cost of the technology is still a major obstacle in generating the shift away from traditional fossil fuels and must be dealt with. Focus on Empowerment, Income Generation & Cost Savings Tiding the technology with income generation, cost savings, higher standard of living, and especially social and economical empowerment is very important . In ruralBangladesh, solar power became synonymous with social status, better living and more income. A rural family could save up to BDT 700 per month in energy cost while enjoying televisions and other modern amenities. Once the installments were paid off within 3 years, there was minimum running cost for nearly 20 years. This made solar a more attractive option than kerosene. They were social benefits also. The burden of women were reduced as they no longer had to clean kerosene soot , work under dim light and they could take part in home based income generating activities. Children could study under solar light and get connected o the outside world through televisions. For rural businesses, solar power meant productivity, more sales, income and jobs. A rural business could double its turnover by using solar while minimizing energy cost. Solar power especially helped improve connectivity, increase the sales of electronic goods, create new business opportunities such as mobile phones charging shops, electronics repair, maintenance shops, community television centers etc. A Strong Grassroots Network to provide after sales service, right at the doorsteps of the rural people Rural people are unlikely to invest in a technology which s not durable and no after sales service is available. We focused on creating a vast network of rural engineers who developed one to one rapport with their customers. They visited each monthly to offer free after sales service for nearly 3 years. Long term warranty (i. e. 20 years for panels, 5 years for batteries and 3 years for charge controllers etc. ) for SHS plus buyback option under which a client can return his /her system, if the area becomes grid connected is a wonderful weapon to explore renewable in the rural areas. A rural network of women technicians has been created to assemble and epair solar accessories to ensure low cost, quick effective repair, maintenance services and availability of spare parts, right at the door steps of the users. It also trained cus tomers on how to take care of their systems and provides them with training manuals. This meant well kept systems, minimum repair and maintenance cost for both clients and us. Capitalizing on Community Forces One reason for this sector was the active involvement of the rural community. Rural people were completely unaware of renewable energy technologies. Winning rural confidence played a vital role. Engagement of community leaders and organizing emonstrations helped a lot. Special focus on creating local stake-hold social and economical was significant. In order to keep the goodwill, the POs offered special packages for rural schools and madrasa. Introduction to scholarship for school children of solar users and design of especial programs for rural school children to seed awareness of renewable in the next generation were also done. Installation and maintenance the systems, Page 11 / 79 Journal of Chemical Engineering, IEB Vol. ChE. 26, No. 1, December 2011 understand the local ma rket and customs were accelerated by the local youth. Setting up of village ased technology centers to assemble all solar accessories, creating jobs for local women was also essential. This bottom-down, decentralized approach has helped us to keep operating costs low, and gain acceptance by the local communities. GS was unique in that sense that GS not only provided clean energy solutions, but also created powerful social and economical forces for their adoption. For example, GS created jobs for young men and women who could earn enough in few years to install a system themselves. A Listening Culture coupled with Strong Quality Control Building institutional capacityChallenges and Opportunities Fully developing the infrastructure for renewable in Bangladesh requires more than just putting solar systems on the market. Many projects in t he country also work to remove the barriers to more widespread use of renewable systems and build the skills along with the partner organizations. Th ese POs facilitate a package of interventions to support Bangladeshi institutions in overcoming major market barriers. These institutions include rural electricity cooperatives, community-based organizations, NGOs, microfinance institutions, and private-sector groups. Women as Active agents of ChangeGS remain tuned to local needs by listening to our staffs and clients. The strong Audit and MIS system help GS seek new opportunities, meet challenges and forge ahead. We are flexible and localized in our approach, but without sacrificing quality. SHS registered exponential growth after the advent of IDCOL with the number of service providers, suppliers, manufactures multiplying. Bangladesh gained the capacity to manufacture all solar accessories expect for the solar panel. Our government has set a target of reaching all with electricity by 2020. Momentum has been created for solar power which our rural people have accepted whole eartedly. Solar & other renewable are in a position to pla y a very important role to complement government efforts to take electricity to all by 2020. We are yet to reach the penetration rate of mobile phones or televisions which has reached more than half portion of the rural market. We are yet to reach cost effectiveness to reach all rural income groups especially the lower income group in large numbers. Challenges: GS has set up village based GTC to train and empower young women to become Renewable Energy Technicians and Entrepreneurs. This was one of our most innovative and successful programs. These centers managed by omen engineers train rural women in renewable energy technology, enabling hundreds of rural women to earn extra money. These women who belong to most deprived class of their communities have learnt skills on assembling, installing and repairing and maintaining one of the most up to date technologies in the world. They assemble and repair solar accessories such as charge controllers, mobile chargers, invertors etc. This h as enhanced their social and economic value in their communities and contributed to women empowerment. These women have are the backbone of our local production and repair network helping rural people ccess cost effective, efficient services right at their door steps. They are powerful voices motivating other women, their families and neighbors to install solar and other renewable. Appropriate Product Design & Diversification GS with other POs promote and design high quality, innovative products which meet the diversified needs of rural clients. The customer tailored packages ranging from 10 to 135 watts allow a rural client to save energy, generate income and become the owner of a system after 1 or 3 years, at the same cost of kerosene. The standard 50 watt system allows a rural client enjoy 4 bright lights, atch televisions and power mobile phones. For the lower income grouped, there are 10 to 20 watt systems and micro-utility model which al lows sharing of one system by many. Dep ending on the income of a rural client, the design products varies to power computers, DC fans, refrigerators and income generating activities. Page 12 / 79 There are more than 30 organizations engaged in the rural renewable energy sector. Expect for a few, majority have a very small client base. Cutting edge business culture is yet to develop in this field because of the prevalence of NGO culture. There has been very little incentive for nnovation or new product development because most of the organizations depend on guaranteed soft loans from IDCOL. Present practice of vast rural network of branches and engineers translates in huge transaction cost and slow penetration rate. Lack of good communication especially during the rainy season constraints movements and increases transport cost. Seasonal variation in the income of the rural people makes collecti on of installment difficult. This is not cost effective or feasible in the long run. Training and retaining efficient human resou rce at the field level is also difficult. Incentive is low compared to the hard work.It is difficult for organizations to increase incentives in order to keep their costs low. There is lack of skilled engineers who can make cost effective and efficient SHS designs especially for productive applications. Another major challenge is high battery prices and inability to source quality materials or accessories cost effectively. Huge Tax and VAT are charged on import of all raw materials except solar panels. This increases the cost of local manufacturing of Journal of Chemical Engineering, IEB Vol. ChE. 26, No. 1, December 2011 solar accessories which in turn increases the cost of Solar Home Systems. ould otherwise come from the fertilizer producing industries. By helping to counter deforestation and degradation caused by overusing ecosystems as sources of firewood and by melioration of soil conditions, biogas technology reduces CO2 releases from these processes and sustains the capabilit y of forests and woodlands to act as a carbon sink. There has been very little incentives from the government to popularize RET except for long term soft loan through IDCOL. Most practitioners are over dependent on IDCOL with no diversification of funding. Mainstream financial institutions are yet to take a major interest in the RET sector.Improved Cooking Stoves can be one of the most cost effective devices to stop in -door air pollution and reduce deforestation. In this connection, GS has already constructed around 373,969 ICSs through local technicians. A huge positive response from women have been receiving because of 50% less fuel cost and smoke free cooking. Various POs could disseminate 10 million cooking stoves by 2015 if proper initiatives are taken . Opportunities: Exponential demand has been created among rural people for solar power and renewables. This is mainly due to increased price of kerosene, diesel, and lack of grid connected ower, decreased price of solar energy, and especially due to growing aspiration and economic diversification of the rural people. Dependence on land or agriculture is reducing, cattle is being replaced by power tillers, tractors etc. Nearly 60% of the rural people own a television. Diversification of rural economy concurrent with increasingly efficient solar systems has created market for larger Solar Energy System applications to power pumps, mini/micro grids for SMEs, internet kiosks etc. The rural farmers suffer from power shortage during the irrigation season and replacement of electric power pumps by solar pumps would save the rid system of 800 MW load on the national grid. There is also increasing demand in rural health and education sector for Integrated Energy Systems to power lights, computers, TVs and refrigerat ors etc. Solar power can fill the niche. Solar power can also be used for early warning systems, emergency lighting, water desalination etc. in disaster zones. Increasing load shading in the urban area s has made solar power an attractive option for urban dwellers. 1 to 10 KW systems to power lights, TVs and other appliances in domestic and commercial sector can easily create a niche, alongside diesel generators and Instant PowerSupply etc. Technical progress has reduced cost, increased efficiency and diversified the application of solar energy. For example, use of LED and CFL has reduced the cost of solar power, while increasing its efficiency. Pico systems (1 to 5 watts) can power 2 or more lights while charging mobile phones. This has brought solar technology within the reach of lower income groups. LED based systems have resulted in dramatic decrease in costs. Factors to reduce cost include efficient loads, innovative batteries, and lower module cost. We can use biogas technology not only generating cooking gas, but also for generating ure methane gas which can used for running vehicles, power pumps and other electronic equipment. This will facilitate rural development. Though some large s ized biogas plants in Bangladesh are generating electricity, needs. We can scale this up if we can purify the gas and place it in cylinders. We can use all types of wastes ranging from animal dung to crop resi dues for this purpose. This is successful technology which has been implemented in India, Sweden and many other countries. Our Government which is promoting independent power generation should also facilitate this type of technology. We can use biogas technology in urban areas to onvert wastes into electricity, gas and organic fertilizers. Again Biogas technology takes part in the global struggle against the greenhouse effect by reducing the release of CO2 from burning fossil fuels in two ways. First, biogas is a direct substitute for gas or coal for cooking, heating, electricity generation and lighting. Second, the reduction in the consumption of artificial fertilizer avoids carbon dioxide emissions that Bangladesh currently has a thriving RET sector with multip le companies manufacturing batteries, lightings and other solar accessories. Many of these companies are also exporting heir products. Recently government has decided to include solar as a thrust sector in its industry policy. Policy Options: Building a Cutting Edge Entrepreneur Based Structure Bangladesh is uniquely positioned to reach 75 million people with renewable energy technologies by 2015. However, we cannot tap into this huge potential through the existing model. We need to develop a cutting edge, efficient, flexible structure of rural based entrepreneurs who will take solar and other RET to every nook and corner of country to create a truly Solar Bangladesh. We need to focus on the following for the above transformation:Creating Clean Energy Entrepreneurs Page 13 / 79 Journal of Chemical Engineering, IEB Vol. ChE. 26, No. 1, December 2011 Providing long term soft loans at 5 to 6 % interest rate to all RET related businesses is needed. Present practice is that service provi ders can access soft loans after installing the systems. This does not take into account high upfront cost of sourcing supplies or developing the organizations. Similarly solar related manufacturing/ supply companies have to access loans at very high cost. Our financial incentives are focused on microfinance institutions. Instead of this, we should help create business companies small nd big at the district/sub-district level linked with local entrepreneurs to widespread RET. This would create ownership, innovations and competition. We can create village based women entrepreneurs to promote Improved Cooking Stoves etc. They would also assemble, repair solar accessories and provide after sales service. They can be linked with small credit from rural financial institutions. RET is a step in the right direction. However most clients / renewable energy companies have been unable to access the loan because loan is to be provided to SHS customers and reimbursement is only after the instal lation.Energy Companies are not able to directly access this fund. This financing scheme has failed to gain momentum because of complex regulations and risk adverse tendency of commercial banks. We can create village based SME entrepreneurs to popularize sol ar pumps, mini grids and biogas plants etc. The entrepreneurs would invest in the technology and earn a return by renting the technology to others. They can source loans from rural banks.  · District/sub district level companies can help rural based source loans and the technology through guarantee, information, while national level companies would help istrict/sub-district level small and big compani es to source finance, technology and build up their market. Including a component in housing loans for installing solar. Creating a special green fund for providing grant for pilot testing new projects. Providing matching grants through local government institutions to green our infrastructure such as rural schools , clinics, cyc lone shelters, etc. Focusing on an Efficient, Cost effective Supply Chain: We need to set up more battery and other solar accessory manufacturing units to create a competitive environment, reduce costs and increase efficiency. Our government should try o attract foreign investment and R & D in this sector. Creating a window in agricultural and other rural financial institutions to provide credit fo r RET, we can include training and credit for renewable energy technologies in our youth development programs. We should especially focus on SME loans and micro-credit loans for creating small and big entrepreneurs in the rural areas. Currently solar practitioners are suffering from high battery price. This can be solved through more battery companies. We should concentrate on manufacturin g export quality products to achieve economies of scale and tap into the world market. We can onsider setting up Green Enterprise Zones especially for solar accessories such as charge controllers, inver tors, mobile chargers etc with a focus on the rural areas to create green jobs. Circulating green bonds for raising capital for solar and other RET. Passing Pro -renewable energy Laws Providing special incentives such as long term soft loans, tax cuts for promoting solar both at the individual and commercial level. Biogas production can also be installed in combination with sanitation. Public toilets incorporating biogas units are particularly suitable for pen -urban areas and small towns in India where the supply of cooking gas is nadequate and wastewater treatment is unaffordable for the local authorities. Biogas systems can become part of decentralized wastewater treatment, and provide the fuel needed for heating water, for bathing and running generators to provide lighting in these facilities. Removing all VAT/Tax for all type of solar accessories and raw materials to reduce cost. Bangladesh has one of the highest tariff structures in the world. Providing tax holidays and other benefits for investing in solar businesses. Making it mandatory to have all market places, restaurants, commercial buildings to install solar. At the same time government should rovide soft loans for solar installation which would be part of housing loans. Easy Access to Green Credit & Funds: Investing in Capacity Development and R & D Page 14 / 79 Journal of Chemical Engineering, IEB Vol. ChE. 26, No. 1, December 2011 Developing a sustainable framework for developing human resources through country wide vocational centers, training institutes etc. Focus should be also on developing export quality human resource. This would also an incentive for private companies to participate with the maturing of the sector. Focusing on R & D to adapt and develop innovative technologies. We should have nnovation lab in all major universities which should be linked with international institutions and research institutions. Government should create an incentive structure such as competitions, awards to promote R & D. Facilitating new ideas such as installment collection through mobile phones, prepaid cards to scale up and reduce transaction costs. Conclusion Bangladesh has given birth to one of most successful models to replicate RET. Keys to these successes are an innovative credit system, appropriate product design, grassroots based effective and efficient after sales service plus other consumer friendly options. However, the main actor behind the Bangladesh success story is that it empowers rural communities to own and uses RET and eventually become partners to bring and expand RET in their communities. It seeks solutions that empower women, the disadvantaged, create jobs, facilitate rural development and especially protect the environment. To summarize, Bangladesh already has experience with RET projects. The potential of these project initiatives is high. Viable approaches need to be amplified to a broader context under a national RET strategy. In particular, the pilot sc hemes of RET development in Bangladesh need be scaled up to take a greater share in f niche markets for RET and strengthening relevant institutions to implement RET policy direction are possible avenues to assist with this. References 1. M S Islam and M R Islam (July 2011), Reducing biomass usage in rural areas of Bangladesh, South Asia Energy Network, Practical Action, Colombo, p . 4 -5 2. United States Agency for International Development (2011), Obtained from http://www. usaid. gov/bd/programs/energy. html [Accessed on 2nd October 2011] 3. Infrastructure Development Company Limited (2011), Obtained from http://www. idcol. org/prjshsm2004. php [Accessed on 3rd October 2011] Page 15 / 79

Questions On Margin Of Error - 1532 Words

What is margin of error? Margin of error is a common summary of sampling error that quantifies uncertainty about survey results. Three pieces of data are needed to express the â€Å"confidence interval,† : statistic, confidence level, and margin of error. Confidence Interval is usually stated in the following format: 95 percent confidence intervals, or accurate 19/20 times with a margin of error of +/- 5%. This means that 19 out of 20 times it is expected that the mean of the survey result (stats) will fall within 5% above or below the true value. There are strict parameters that determines on which survey results a Margin of Error disclaimer can included. MRIA sets the guidelines for reporting research in Appendix â€Å"D† MRIA Revised†¦show more content†¦(b) Researchers must ensure the reliability and validity of research data as far as reasonably possible when designing research methodologies and instruments and in the collection, processing and analysis of research data. Integrity of Reporting (a) Researchers must not knowingly allow the dissemination of conclusions from a market research project which are not adequately supported by the data. They must always be prepared to make available the technical information necessary to assess the validity of any published findings. (b) This entails that: 1. Researchers must recommend those techniques and methodologies which are appropriate to the objectives of the research, avoiding those which they believe may give misleading results. 2. Researchers must not provide or allow without protest, interpretations of the research that are inconsistent with the data. 3. Researchers must not present research results with greater confidence than the data warrants. Instead, as responsible professionals, members must point out the relevant limitations of the research. This includes but is not limited to the following guidelines: i. Disclosing relevant potential sources of error, both sampling and non-sampling (e.g. response, non-response, measurement, coverage, etc.). ii. Being explicit about the assumptions

What Is Cubism in Art History

Cubism began as an idea and then it became a style. Based on Paul Cà ©zannes three main ingredients - geometricity, simultaneity (multiple views) and passage - Cubism tried to describe, in visual terms, the concept of the Fourth Dimension. Cubism is a kind of Realism. It is a conceptual approach to realism in art, which aims to depict the world as it is and not as it seems. This was the idea. For example, pick up any ordinary cup. Chances are the mouth of the cup is round. Close your eyes and imagine the cup. The mouth is round. It is always round - whether you are looking at the cup or remembering the cup. To depict the mouth as an oval is a falsehood, a mere device to create an optical illusion. The mouth of a glass is not an oval; it is a circle. This circular form is its truth, its reality. The representation of a cup as a circle attached to the outline of its profile view communicates its concrete reality. In this respect, Cubism can be considered realism, in a conceptual, rather than perceptional way. A good example can be found in Pablo Picassos Still Life with Compote and Glass (1914-15), where we see the circular mouth of the glass attached to its distinctive fluted goblet shape. The area that connects two different planes (top and side) to one another is passage. The simultaneous views of the glass (top and side) is simultaneity. The emphasis on clear outlines and geometric forms is geometricity. To know an object from different points of view takes time, because you move the object around in space or you move around the object in space. Therefore, to depict multiple views (simultaneity) implies the Fourth Dimension (time). Two Groups of Cubists There were two groups of Cubists during the height of the movement, 1909 to 1914. Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) and Georges Braque (1882-1963) are known as the Gallery Cubists because they exhibited under contract with Daniel-Henri Kahnweilers gallery. Henri Le Fauconnier (1881-1946), Jean Metzinger (1883-1956), Albert Gleizes (181-1953), Fernand Là ©ger (1881-1955), Robert Delaunay (1885-1941), Juan Gris (1887-1927), Marcel Duchamp (1887-1968), Raymond Duchamp-Villon (1876-1918), Jacques Villon (1875-1963) and Robert de la Fresnaye (1885-1925) are know as the Salon Cubists because they exhibited in exhibitions supported by public funds (salons) Whose Painting Started Cubism? Textbooks often cite Picassos Les Demoiselles dAvignon (1907) as the first Cubist painting.This belief may be true, because the work displays the three essential ingredients in Cubism: geometricity, simultaneity and passage. But Les Demoiselles dAvignon was not shown publicly until 1916. Therefore, its influence was limited. Other art historians argue that Georges Braques series of LEstaque landscapes executed in 1908 were the first Cubist paintings. The art critic Louis Vauxcelles called these pictures nothing but little cubes. Legend has it that Vauxcelles parroted Henri Matisse (1869-1954), who presided over the jury of1908 Salon dAutomne, where Braque first submitted his LEstaque paintings. Vauxcelles assessment stuck and went viral, just like his critical swipe at Matisse and his fellow Fauves. Therefore, we might say that Braques work inspired the word Cubism in terms of a recognizable style, but Picassos Demoiselles dAvignon launched the principles of Cubism through its ideas. How Long Has Cubism Been a Movement? There are four periods of Cubism: Early Cubism or Cà ©zannisme (1908-1910)Analytic Cubism (1910-12)Synthetic Cubism (1912-1914)Late Cubism (1915-present) Although the height of the Cubism period occurred before World War I, several artists continued the Synthetic Cubists style or adopted a personal variation of it. Jacob Lawrence (1917-2000) demonstrates the influence of Synthetic Cubism in his painting (a.k.a. Dressing Room), 1952. What Are the Key Characteristics of Cubism? Geometricity, a simplication of figures and objects into geometrical components and planes that may or may not add up to the whole figure or object known in the natural world.Approximation of the Fourth Dimension.Conceptual, instead of perceptual, reality.Distortion and deformation of known figures and forms in the natural world., the overlapping and interpenetration of planes.Simultaneity or multiple views, different points of view made visible on one plane. Suggested Reading: Antiff, Mark and Patricia Leighten. The Cubism Reader.Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008. Antliff, Mark and Patricia Leighten. Cubism and Culture.New York and London: Thames and Hudson, 2001. Cottington, David. Cubism in the Shadow of War: The Avant-Garde and Politics in France 1905-1914.New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1998. Cottington, David. Cubism.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Cottington, David. Cubism and its Histories.Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2004 Cox, Neil. Cubism.London: Phaidon, 2000. Golding, John. Cubism: A History and an Analysis, 1907-1914.Cambridge, MA: Belknap/Harvard University Press, 1959; rev. 1988. Henderson, Linda Dalrymple. The Fourth Dimension and Non-Euclidean Geometry in Modern Art.Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983. Karmel, Pepe. Picasso and the Invention of Cubism.New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2003. Rosenblum, Robert. Cubism and the Twentieth Century.New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1976; original 1959. Rubin, William. Picasso and Braque: Pioneers of Cubism.New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1989. Salmon, Andrà ©. La Jeune Peinture franà §aise, in Andrà © Salmon on Modern Art.Translated by Beth S. Gersh-Nesic.New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Staller, Natasha. A Sum of Destructions: Picassos Culture and the Creation of Cubism.New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2001.

With an estimated 11.7 million illegal immigrants in the...

With an estimated 11.7 million illegal immigrants in the U.S. today, immigration reform has been a volatile issue that hasn’t been adequately addressed throughout the 21st century. With the last major overhaul occurring in 1986, when over 3 million immigrants were granted U.S. citizenship, politicians are saying another major overhaul is needed to address the newer generation of illegal immigrants. Legislations including the Border Protection, Anti-terrorism, and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005, the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006, and the DREAM act of 2012 have all tried to address the depressing need for immigration reform but have failed due to lack of bipartisan support. Still, political leaders urge for†¦show more content†¦The main reasons include the close proximity between the two countries and the vast difference in the quality of life. For most, getting a job at minimum wage provides a much higher standard of living from what they came f rom. They are just looking for better jobs and economics opportunities to support their families that they cannot find in their home country. The average wage in Mexico is about $4.15 with those in the agricultural industries making even less. 40% of the Mexican population is under the poverty line, and 25% of workers are underemployed. With such disastrous numbers, many Mexicans find the U.S. to be extremely attractive. Flight attendants instruct passengers, in the event of a loss of cabin pressure, to put an oxygen mask on yourself before you try to help your children or other passengers. The same goes for the U.S. and illegal immigrants. With massive amounts of poverty, unemployment, and debt in the U.S., the U.S. must deal with its own problems before it helps others. The federal government has spent $186.8 billion on immigration enforcement since 1986 that has not helped keep illegal immigrants out of the U.S. Illegal immigration continues to be a burden on taxpayers through direct benefits, public education, and population-based services. In 2010 alone, the average unlawful immigrant household received $24,721 in governmentShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Illegal Immigration1420 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the most controversial issues in politics today is that of illegal immigration. â€Å"Immigration has been a constant source of economic vitality and demographic dynamism throughout our nationà ¢â‚¬â„¢s history.† (CAP Immigration Team, 2014) There are thousands of immigrants that arrive in the United States each year. Over the years, illegal immigration has been growing despite policies made to prevent this growth. 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Now Alexis Sue suddenly becomes evicted from her home and her children are being put up for adoption on the grounds that she could no longer give them a home. No longer will she ever acquire her five year old sons’ smile or hear her seven year old daughters laugh The United States of America have had open borders all throughout history. Accepting Immigrants with open arms, except during Work War I and WorldRead MoreDo Illegal Immigrants Hurt The Us Economy? Essay2159 Words   |  9 Pagesits immigration policy soon after it won independence from Great Britain on July 4th, 1776. For over two hundred and forty years ago. The law has since been shaped through different eras and different political views over the years. In more recent years, unauthorized immigration law in particular has become a major topic. From our law making politicians, Congress, political debates and school; it has been one of the focused topics. Do Illegal immigrants hurt the US economy? This question has beenRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagesdecentralizing the HR entity so that each functional area of the company has an HR manager assigned to it. The HR managers were expected to be key contributors to their areas by becoming knowledgeable about the business issues faced by their business functional units. Today, HR managers participate in developing business strategies and ensure that human resource dimensions are considered. For instance, the HR manager for manufacturing has HR responsibilities for 600 employees. In that role she contributes

Communication in the Military Free Essays

string(123) " war caused by miscommunication or inadequate communication by pushing the limits of communication technology and systems\." Communication has always been important with in the military from day one. Wihtout this communication no soldier would know where to be or when to be there. When the U. We will write a custom essay sample on Communication in the Military or any similar topic only for you Order Now S. military first began we fought in a completely different style than we do today. Back then there was alot more chivalry to war to than there is today. They stood on line with their chests out proud of what they were doing. Without communication the first rank would not know when to fire their muskets, when to take a knee, when to begin reloading their weapons and when to stand back up to take aim to start the process all over again. According to the Merriam Webster Dictionary the classification of communication states it’s a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs or behaviour. In relation, communication is the heart of what makes the United States Army what it is today. Without Communication vital information would not be passed down from the Chief of Command to a chain of Non Commissioned Officers to the soldiers. Not to mention, innocent lives would be in jeopardy, missions would be misconstrued, and simple information from NCO to soldier would be conflicted. Lack of communication in the army means important decision on anything would not be made. Taking from the Chief of Command, if he did communicated to his dependents on decisions such as going to war, or even making the change of declaring General Martin Dempsey chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff how could we improved the nation better yet a team; because all in all the United States army is a TEAM. Not having communication within a constituency of people creates an anarchy of chaos. The smallest amount of information is always imperative. For example, if a soldier goes out over the weekend and doesn’t inform anyone of he or she whereabouts and something crucial happens to him or her no one would never know because that soldier failed to communicated with his/her battle buddy more importantly their NCO. It is important to notify your chain of command where you are at all times so that they know. This is why the Army has developed the TRiPs system so that if traveling outside of the 250 mile radius of post you are required to fill out this digital form and it be approved by your supervisor before taking the said trip so that your chain of command knows your whereabouts always. When others know about one’s location it is easier to manoeuvre to find them if anything should ever go wrong. No one wants to become a victim if something should ever go not according to plan; and that’s why it is critical to notify someone whenever going out. Communication is key due to the simple fact that if the individuals involved in the social interaction do not first form a bases of what is tolerable and what is not, how than, can they â€Å"respect† the other individual. They next element that would be necessary for a healthy respectful relationship would be empathy. Without an empathic outlook by all parties engaged in communication, how might they respect another’s point of view? Empathy must follow communication, for empathy shows acknowledgement and understanding of what was first communicated by all parties. After empathy, the final and most important step towards respect is submission. Submission is needed to assimilate each individual into respect, not per say, for one or more individuals to dominate the others. Lets break down these three ideals of respect, starting with communication. Communication is the very bases for respect. Without this very basic idea, an organization as prominent as the Army of the United States could simply not exist. The relationship between communication and respect is one sided. Communication can exist without respect, but not vice versa. An example of this could include two individuals fighting over the price of an item. Both individuals are communicating, but neither is respecting the other. By any means, the bane of communication when applied to respect is miscommunication. Miscommunication in itself is the very break down of communication. Communication plays an essential role in any institution, especially in the military. The military employs two basic forms of communication; which are verbal and non-verbal. All two forms are vital to the success of the military. Without effective communication in the military regardless of the status there cannot be a positive outcome of any situation with failure to understand what is passed. Military communication has played an important role in transmitting information, orders, and reports both in the field and at sea and between command centres and deployed units both in the field and at sea. Information is transmitted from superiors to subordinates utilizing the chain of command system. â€Å"The American Heritage dictionary of English language† defines Chain of command as a system where by authority is passed down from the top through a series of executive positions or military ranks in which each is accountable to the one directly superior. Individual unit leaders exercise command by communicating orders and instruction of commanders to their respective units. Traditionally, military communication had been in the form of sending and receiving signals. â€Å"The first military comms tool was the communication automobile designed by the Soviet Union in 1934. The basics of the communications in the beginning was the sending and receiving of signals – which were encoded so that the enemy would not be able to get hold of any top secret communication. Then the advent of distinctive signals which lead to the formation of the Signal Corps, this corp. , specialised in tactics of military comms. They evolved into a distinctive occupation where the signaller became a highly technical job dealing with all available communications methods including civil ones. In the modern world, most nations attempt to minimize the risk of war caused by miscommunication or inadequate communication by pushing the limits of communication technology and systems. You read "Communication in the Military" in category "Essay examples" As a result military communication is more intense, complicated, and often motivates the development of advanced technology for remote systems such as satellites and aircraft, both manned and unmanned, as well as computers. Computers and their varied applications have revolutionized military comms. Fortunately military communication does not always merely facilitate warfare, but often supports intelligence gathering and communication between adversaries, and thus sometimes prevents war. Signal communication is basically a means of conveying information from person or place to the other utilizing indicators such as gestures and smoke. Signal communication or signaling has long played an important role in warfare. â€Å"This form of communication is greatly employed when troops don’t want to be heard or detected and it serves to provide a means of transmitting information from reconnaissance and other units in contact with the enemy. † The military uses signal communcatio ns in many different ways and have done so since the beginning of the military. Whether it be in the form of hand and arm signals within an Infantry unit to allow everyone behind them to know what they need to do at a specific time whether it be halt or stop movement, or to take a knee, to get down in the prone, to mark a rally point to meet up at. The list goes on and on and by using a signaling form of communication it allows them to do so without being heard by an enemy force that may be in the immediate area. The signaling form of communication smoke is also used by infantry units and other ground force elements to notify others what they need to do or the position in which they are in. They use smoke to notify medevac of their position in case they have wounded or KIA within their element to be picked up. Ground troops would â€Å"pop smoke† and wait for the medevac helicopter to indicate what color of smoke that they see to know that it is they element in which they are intending to go to. Verbal communication is the most widely used form of communication in the military. This method has an advantage over the other forms of communication. It allows the person passing the information to interpret the facial expressions of those receiving the information being passed. You can also use the web now days as a form of verbal communcation. With the addition of this tool the military has become even more effective. With this tool leaders are able to send the same message to a large group of people without having to take the time out to have a formation or a gathering of the soldiers in order to do so. This method has become the primary source of communcation within the military because of its ease and almost everyone has access to a computer and the web at some point during their duty day. It reduces time in which it takes to get information put out and reduces the amount of time that one would waste by going to a gathering or formation. The people within the conversation is ultimately unlimited to whomever they would like within it and allows for multiple responses at one said time whenever they see the message and are able to send a response without taking them away from other tasks at hand and allowing them to efficiently transition from one task to the next. Military Communication is a key to the success of everything that we do in the military. Here is an example of how the web can help efficiently pass along information in the Army. With communicating in the military it has to be clear and to the point because many times it has to be passed on to someone else and there can not be any confusion. Just recently I received and email. It was to pass along what the Commander had worked out for the holiday schedule for Thanksgiving and wanted all the units to be aware of the days that we would have off and the days that we needed to post a duty also give us the days for leave that service members are allowed to take and posted a memo stating that if someone is to take leave on these dates they are not allowed to take leave for the rest of the year unless it was a red cross emergency. The purpose of this email so I can inform my team on the days that we would have off and the days allotted for leave. My commanding officer was the sender and I was the receiver. The message was the days we would have off for thanksgiving holidays. The technology used was a milper messages which is a military personal message. All involved had positive feedback. The technology used was very appropriate due to this needed to be sent out to many units at one time rather than the commander looking up each email address and sending that out that way he could send it out to each unit and then the Commanding Officer can see to it that the message was passed to each person. Another form of military communication is Cryptography. Cryptography is one of the most influential and important assets pertaining to government today. â€Å"Cryptography is the mathematical science of preparingcommunication incoherent to parties unintended to receive the message, or Cryptography is the study of methods of converting readable messages into guised unreadable information, unless one knows of the methods of decryption. This military comms method ensured that the messages reached the correct hands and eyes or ears. Nowadays digital cash, signatures, digital rights management and intellectual property rights and secure electronic commerce are its new purviews. It is also being used in computing, telecommunications and infrastructure. † In essence this what this statement is saying is that when using cryptography you are required to enter some sort of passcode or password in order to access the material contained within the message. The military uses this method when it comes to almost any kind of electronically sent mail or information. In order to access the Army Knowledge Online website which contains soldiers data and emails you are required to enter your username and password. The passwords the military requires people to use are some of the most difficult passwords to hack. All passwords must contain uppercase, lowercase letters along with numbers and special characters. Another form of Cryptography used by the military is the common access card. This card contains soldier data within a microchip that is inserted into an identification card. When using the CAC card you also have a 6-8 digit pincode that is required when acessing government computers or material. Each soldier has a CAC card that is used to get throught the gate on each military installation. This form of Cryptography takes two essential things in the miltary and forms them both into one idea. Written communication is another form in which the military uses. The written form of communication is probably the most commonly used form of communication within the military. Military uses written communication everyday. Whether it be in the form of an email which can also be considered verbal or in the form of a Memorandum for record or a DA form 4856 counseling form. One of the most important concepts to master is expressed several ways: put your bottom line first, hook your reader, make it relevant to him/her. DA PAM 600-67 lists this concept first among its seven style techniques in Paragraph 3-1 and hammers the idea home again in Paragraph 3-2. AR 25-50 says â€Å"focus first on the main point† (Paragraph 1-45) and â€Å"open with a short, clear purpose statement† ( Paragraph 1-46). † A MFR can be for the purpose of many different things. It can be used to give guidence of off limit establishments or be a directive on how a task will be carried out. Beyond that there are even more ways a memorandum for record may be used but those are just a couple that come to mind right off hand. The DA form 4856 counseling is used amongst the Army. It gives guidence to the soldier on a monthly basis or whenever they do something negative in which his or her chain of command feels it is necessary to give the soldier a negative counseling. There are many other reasons for a counseling. They can be used for promotion purposes to give the soldier a guideline to things that he or she must accomplish in order to be recommended for promotion or reasons that they are not being recommended. On a monthly basis the counseling tells a soldier how the soldier ultimately did for the previous month whether it be good or bad. The counseling will have special emphasis on what the soldier did well as well as the soldiers shortcomings, giving the soldier guidence on what he or she should work on the following month. The DA 4856 is an excellent form of communication between the Team or Squad leader and the lower enlisted within his or her team or squad when used properly. Most people in the Army do not use the counseling form in the correct manner in which it was designed to be used. This is usually due to the fact that they themselves do not understand Army communication themselves or they just do not understand how the form is actually meant to be used. The Army is begining to go back to its old way and the ways that most soldiers have been brought up in the Army is in fact the wrong way leading to what is being known as Toxic Leadership and the Department of the Army is doing their best to begin getting rid of this toxic leadership. Toxic leadership could be defined as someone that does the bare minimum or in the case of a counseling form would what is referred to as hand jamming it. Meaning that they pay no attention to their soldier but when something comes up and they do not have the counselings prepared they go back and write them and instruct the lower enlisted soldier that they are in control of to back date the form to keep them from getting in trouble as well. This form has become more and more common within the Army that is rediculous. If someone wants to be in charge of someone they should take charge and do what they are suppose to do in that position not throwing their soldier under the bus when they think thats something they have done is coming back to bite them based on their own actions†¦ They expect their soldiers to cover them but leadership is suppose to stick up for their soldiers not throw them under the bus. What kind of signal, what kind of communication is this to the lower level soldier? Not a good one and thats all that can be said. To sum up this essay there are several different forms of communication within the military that all serve their own purpose to the military. There is the communication form of signal that can be used to signal different things from telling other soldiers what they should do next when in combat, to informing air support of your position via smoke or a VS-17 panel. There is the form of verbal communication which can be used to give a platoon or company of soldiers a safety briefing for the weekend, or just to put out guidence to a select few individuals within the element. Another form of communication being cryptography. Cryptography allows one said person to send another said person a message or email or another form of typed material that you must use a passcode, pincode, or password to access. All forms of government email use this type of communication to ensure the safety and well being of the rest of the population of the United States. The last form of communication we discussed is written. Written communication is the most important and most commonly used among the military. Written comunication can be used as a MFR or counseling session for a lower level soldier. A MFR can be used in different ways, it can be used to notify soldiers of off limit establishments or just to give guidence to soldiers on how to accomplish a said task that has been given to them. A DA form 4856 is utilized to give guidence to the lower level soldier on how well they have performed over the period of a month. Commonly known as a monthly counseling but can also be used as a negative counseling to inform a soldier of wrong doing that he or she has done to recieve the statement. Negative counselings can be used in conjunction to ultimately punish the soldier using UCMJ action. All in all communcation is an essential part of the military. The lack of communication cause serious problems as well as just the lack of understanding the communication that has been given. Communication within the military is a must or nothing will get done, or get done to the standards anyway. It is imparative that all members of the United States military understand the importance of communication and excercises it on a regular basis on order for the military to effectively function. How to cite Communication in the Military, Essay examples

The Life and Work of Hong Lysa-Free-Samples-Myassignementhelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Life and Work of Hong Lysa. Answer: Introduction Southeast Asian Studies refers to education and research on the culture, languages and history of different ethnic groups and states of Southeast Asia. There are several scholars, which had a great impact on the studies in the Southeast Asian region. They have supported the education, history and culture in the area. Conducting the study about any scholar may assist in understanding the history of that region or particular country. Here, the chosen scholar is Hong Lysa, who is a famous Singaporean historian. The job of a historian is very difficult, because they need to do the work of reviewing and understanding the past. When the people require the detailed information about the history or past, they prefer to approach historians. These people publish the books and writings about all the topics, different types of people and places. This essay includes different aspects related to Hong Lysa, such as; her writings, books, biography, legacy etc. Different websites and journals have be en searched to collect the data about the work of Hong Lysa. There are different books, which have beliefs, facts and traditions related to the life, career and interests of Hong Lysa. Her writings have a significant impact on the field. The books, which are authored by Hong are assisting the government and political activists in managing the history of nation. It can assist the country in managing its culture and education among students. The books of Hong Lysa are very much focused on the learning and teaching for the students, so they are very useful to the students, who are interested in studying history (Blackburn, 2016). This essay will assist in understanding the books and life of Hong Lysa as a scholar in her field. Furthermore, it will have the discussion about the people, who were very important in the life of Hong Lysa and who have motivated her to become an active historian in Thailand and Singapore. About Dr. Hong Lysa Dr. Hong Lysa is a popular historian, who was born in a Singaporean middle class family. She had completed her studies from primary right up to pre-university at CHIV Victoria Street. Currently, it is known as CHIJMES. Then, Hong entered in the phase of adulthood after the completion of her tertiary studies. She had done her education from a well-known university, i.e. University of Singapore. Then after, she had completed her PhD course from Sydney University, Australia. After the completion of this course, she was known as Dr. Hong Lysa. Dr. Hong Lysa is a historian, who worked on 19th century history of Thailand prior to turning to the history of Singapore (Gomes, 2016). From 1984 to 2000, she had worked as a historian and researcher in National University of Singapore (NUS). National University of Singapore is one of the top ranked universities in the world. In this period, she was working as a member of History Department and simultaneously from 1992, Southeast Asia Education Program. After leaving her academic center, which she was having, Dr. Hong Lysa has worked as an independent writer and researcher. In addition to this, she is also involved in politics of the history writing in Singapore country (Spector, et al, 2014). Hong Lysa possesses different skills and abilities in her field, such as; effective communication skills, research and investigative skills, ability to evaluate and predict the required data and information and interest in culture, society and human behavior. She has all the essential skills, which assisted Hong in enhancing her image and popularity in this discipline. People can follow her on her blog, although she denies that she does not update her blog routinely. Link for her blog is https://minimyna.wordpress.com/. The comments on this blog are very much important, when they are related to history. Moreover, people can follow her works and contributions on an e-journal website, i.e. www.s-pores.com. Dr. Hong is a founding person of this e-journal website, which provides students new directions in the studies in Singapore. Hong Lysa is one of the publishers of The 1963 Operation Coldstore in Singapore that was published in the year 2013 (Caruth, 2016). There are various books and writings of Dr. Hong Lysa, which are influential for the society and students in the country. Along with her books, she has also published on history and historiography of Thailand and Singapore as well. She was very good scholar as she has argued that native scholars do not require to justify their focus on nation and in fact have a captivating sense of mission in doi ng their own work and tasks, which generally cannot be separated from their roles and responsibilities as the members of that particular society (Chong, Hye-Kyung Lim, 2014). There are various books and contents, which are authored and co-authored by Dr. Hong Lysa. Before discussing about her own work on the history of Singapore and Thailand, here is the discussion about her scholarly interests. The scholarly interests include different work and writings of other authors. These are some books and writings, which are very important to the life of Dr. Hong and meant most to Hong. Some of these books are stated below; Tan Jing Quee and Jomo KS,Comet in our Sky: Lim Chin Siong in History(2001) Michel-Rolph Trouillot,Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History(1995) Shahid Amin,Event, Metaphor, Memory: Chauri Chaura 1922-1992(1995) Rachel Leow,Taming Babel: Language in the Making of Malaysia(2017) There are some titles of books, which motivate her to perform and execute the things in an effective manner. By looking at these titles or themes, it can be realized that this Singaporean Historian is very passionate about the power and how it impacts the heritage or past records (Entwistle, 2015). Tan Jing Quee and Jomo KS,Comet in our Sky: Lim Chin Siong in History(2001) is one of the most preferred books for Dr. Hong Lysa. This book is the combination of personal and academic reflections on Lim Chin Siong, who was a magnetic political person in the post war history of Singapore Country. Lim was the founding person in the Peoples action Party (PAP) that is well-known political party in the country (Harrison, Jackson, 2010). He was a rising political star in 1960s. After considering the facts, it can be seen that on the book of Lim Chin Siong, the scholar Dr. Hong stated that she realized that this book was the path breaking art in order to reduce the re-launching the inhibited past of post-war history of Singapore. On this, the author also stated that Dr. Hong feels very strong about providing the voice to the relegated, silenced and forgotten voice of countrys strategy (Wee, 2002). Moreover, Michel-Rolph Trouillot,Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History(1995) is another book, which is she waiting for me. Hong Lysa is interested in this book and learned so many things from this writing. Silencing the Past is one of the thought provoking evaluation of historical structure. Hong is very much passionate about the history, so that it liked very much about this book (Lau, 2013). This book gives various examples, which range from the Haitian Revolution to Columbus Day. About this book, Hong stated that this was a classic and important work on historiography and the book starts with a very interested notion, i.e. there are two aspects of the history, i.e. one is socio-historical process and another one is historical description. This book is very useful for the historians and other authors, who like to make sense of unclear work. Thus, this is the major reason that Hong is interested in this book and preferred it as her scholarly interest (King, 2015). The information and knowledge about these aspects assist the chosen scholar in attaining her goals and publishing its books on the basis of given past information and records about the country (Trouillot, 1995). Every person has an ideal in his/her life, from whom he/she learned to work and get motivation and they are known as influencers. These people get the credits of a successful career. There are some individuals, to whom Hong credits, like; Craig Reynolds, Maurizio Peleggi, Nidhi Aeusriwongse, Chatthip Nartsupha, Kasian Tejapira and Thongchai Winichakul. These people have been the most motivating and inspirational for selected scholar, i.e. Dr Hong Lysa (Yang, et al, 2015). Craig Reynolds: Craig Reynolds was first PhD supervisor, who was working with the Cornell School of Thai Studies. Lysa considers Reynolds as revolutionary, because he broke away from classical area of Thailands monarchy approaches and not focusing on the students using the area. The focus is on the student rising in the year 1973 Bangkok and overthrow after 3 years (Lim, et al, 2014). Maurizio Peleggi: Moreover, professor Peleggi is her colleague from the similar division and he is still teaching in the same department of National University of Singapore. In the case of Hong Lysa, it was very interesting that she recognized scholars only from Thailand as motivational peers and there were not domestic colleagues were provided. Here, it can be assumed that it might be that her foundations were built on the history of Thailand that had created her opinions and thinking but Hong clarified that the actual reason behind this is that she always believed that these Thai scholars were more public intellects, intensely connected with the communities and societies, not only in the academic history (Lysa, 2016). Chatthip Nartsupha: Chatthip Nartssupha is another person, who motivated and inspired Hong Lysa to work as a historian. Nartcupha is the senior lecturer of Economic History at Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok. Hong believed that he is the person, who loves to take challenges in the field. He is also from Thailand culture. Apart from above mentioned names, there are two more names, such as; Kasian Tejapira and Thongchai Winichakul. These people are also from the Thailand. Thus, from above names, it can be noted that most of the people in her list of influencers and compatriots is from Thai culture. In this context, Hong Lysa believed that there are not historians from Singapore currently, who succeed as one. Hong is one of the PhD. Scholar, who performed her field work by communicating with Thai youth activists. She was having more trust on Thai people than Singaporeans, as they supported her in her beginning phase. It assisted her in establishing herself in academic career and finally her different interests in the inhibited and marginalized segments of the countrys society. Thus, these are the people, to whom Hong Lysa wants to give her credits for her success as a historian in Singapore. After discussing the books and writings about other authors, this is the time to explain about the work and writings apart from these. There are so many books, which are published by Hong Lysa. These books are authored or co-authored by her, such as; living in a time of deception (2016), The 1963 Operation Coldstore in Singapore: Commemorating 50 Years (2013), The May 13 Generation: The Chinese Middle Schools Student Movement and Singapore Politics in the 1950s (2011) and The Scripting of a National History: Singapore and its Pasts (2008). She is the co-publisher of Dr. Poh Soo Kais historical way staying in the time, when living in a time of deception has been published in the year 2016 (Lysa, 2016). From these books, two of these theories are explored and information regarding both the books is included in the next slide of given presentation. Since late 90s, there are so many publications, which indicate developing new academic trends in the post-war history of Singapore. This modern trend makes the case for pragmatic theory, which operates counter to the national narrative and state discourse (Seng, Tan, 2016). Living in a time of deception (2016) This is one of the most powerful content, which is given by Hong Lysa and Poh Soo Kai. It is powerful and well-researched and organized history of Singapore country, which will be precious for the scholars and other people, like; aspiring political activists, expecting for a more democratic country. By looking at this, it can be said that books like this is necessary to publish of freeing the mind of Singaporean people, which is only just the starting. This was the first book that includes the account of history of Singapore in the 1950s and 1960s together (Limqueco, 2016). By looking at this book, it can be said that the author exposes the facts and figures about the history and it also provides tactics and strategies to the politicians and activists. The Scripting of a National History: Singapore and its Pasts (2008) This volume wants to state that it is co-authored by Huang Jianli and Hong Lysa. It is other addition to the sequence of editions, which have developed over the months or thus, as an important trend in the Singapore history alternative. This new and modern trend mainly focuses on making the case of revolutionist and alternative narrative as a security to set discourse and national narrative. It answers different questions, like; What is the national narrative? Has anyone heard about the history of Singapore It emphasizes on the different aspects of Singapore history, such as; historiographical analysis of formulation of story of Singapore, forgotten history and the opting method used by the talking. From this volume, it will be appeared that other groups played fairly unimportant roles in the post-war enquiry (Lysa, Huang, 2008). This book is the success story sponsored by state that states how the country has developed from the poor country to the international economically successful country in less than 3 generations. Therefore, it is very significant to study this book for understanding the literature, which includes those that make efforts to revisionist assessment of different ethnic histories of de-colonization of Singapore. The Scripting of a National History includes total 12 chapters, from which most of them were published between the year 1998 and year 2007. The book is divided into three parts; first part is Scripture, part two Chinese issue of Singapore. In the conclusion part, Hong consists of a brief discussion about the reception of history via instances of student thinking and learning about the countrys history through evaluations of Singapore story and National Education (Lysa, Huang, 2008). Moreover, this book is very useful to assist in understanding how Lee Kuan Yew and team introduced new approaches and policies and executed them to falsify this new country in South East Asia. The 1963 Operation Coldstore in Singapore: Commemorating 50 Years (2013) Operation coldstore was one of the most contentious events in the history of postcolonial Singapore. Despite the efforts by the state to peaceful ex-detainees, by giving them warning that they will not be allowed to restate the states official version of countrys history. The scholars in this book or volume have done this. They have put on their viewpoints of events. Under this, the autobiographical component in the narrative carries to the life what the people went through as political actors from left-side, who had given the response to the call of anti-colonialism and the threat of building a new community (Kai, Fang, Lysa, 2013). In this context, Hong Lysa has stated that operation coldstore was essential for the national safety and security that is at the heart of the PAP myth. The authors in the books have attempted to undermine and question the national narrative or the story of Singapore, by penetrating the historiographical methods of the narrative state, that data and figures, which have been left, and the characteristics and types of these omissions. This paper also indicates the inherent stabilities, personified in the past figures and data, key events and how these nations to be oppressed by the political leaders of Singapore to bring something relevance of the history to the present. By considering both, the author offers a strong argument and simple account of the prospective state of the country narrative up to its present (Montesano, 2013). Specifically, the scholars make an argument that it is possible to distinguish how the country narrative has been decided to a large level by the stronger perspective of Lee Kuan Yew. His views and experiences with the Chinese society built the country narrative, which has gone ahead to dominate the social me mory of existing Singaporeans. Under this process, places and individuals are chosen, designated and convened about the historical importance to strengthen the narrative currency, which has been established. If the approach of scripting offered a principal alternative that is omitted part of history of Singapore, operation coldstore offers a particular account of any event, which has been elapsed in the history of country. In the year 1963, more than 100 candidates of political opposition were frightened very much and thrown in the confinement directly without any trial process as they opposed the British PAP merger and acquisition with Malaya (Naughton, 2015). These political activists were named as communists but it actual they were not the communists. Although they might be proud nationalists in Singapore, which were anti-colonialists, which only work opposite to a UK Sponsored merger. There are some of these detainees, who were the compatriots of LKY and they were searching for the members and candidates of the PAP party like Poh Soo Kai and Lim Chin Siong. ISA is used today also and it is a principle for the national safety and security in the states people eyes (Ngoi, 2015). In the field of History, the efforts and work of Hong Lysa have made various improvements and developments. The scholar has focused on the country and students while publishing her books. In one of her books, Hong included different things related to student learning and teaching about the Singapore history. Through this, the scholar notices that students are very important of the countys history that they learn in the schools since this history refuses space for optional versions (Rist, 2014). The books and other writings of Dr. Hong Lysa assisted the people in understanding about the history of Singapore and other aspects. It assisted the political groups in enhancing the situations in the communities and society. The succinct account of work of Hong about the political economists will be significant value to the scholars, whether they are Thai specialists or not. It is considerable for all, who want to gain the knowledge about the history and other critiques, which may impact the growth of country in the coming future. These books of the scholar states that Singapore today is the outcome of what Hong Lysa did to the historical and political approaches and methods in the previous years (Poh, Chen, Hong, 2013). The publication of these books is very important for the people in the country as it assists them in understanding different aspects, like; their human rights, heritage, culture and other essential things. Conclusion Dr. Hong Lysa is working as a Senior Visiting Fellow in the History Division of Singapore. In Southeast Asian region, she is guiding the students with her knowledge and experiences. From the above analysis, it can be concluded that the life and work of Hong Lysa affected the society, community and all over the country, i.e. Singapore. As a popular historian, Hong has served the students with her knowledge and made them familiar about the history of Singapore. The above essay is prepared on the basis of given presentation. The essay includes different aspects related to Hong Lysas life. It includes the biography about this historian. Hong is a popular academic historian, who has worked in National University of Singapore. Then, he started to work independently as writer and historian. There are so many books and writings, which are authored by Hong. The discussion includes some of the books of Hongs, like; living in a time of deception (2016), The 1963 Operation Coldstore in Singapore : Commemorating 50 Years (2013), The May 13 Generation: The Chinese Middle Schools Student Movement and Singapore Politics in the 1950s (2011) and The Scripting of a National History: Singapore and its Pasts (2008). A detailed description is given about two books only, which evaluates the skills and capabilities of Hong as an effective historian in Singapore. It includes some people, who inspired Hong to become a better historian. Most of these people are from Thai culture. It is very important to gain the knowledge about the history of your country as it can assist in learning and other communication proces References Blackburn, K. (2016). 4 Battlefield tourism in Singapore.War Memory and Commemoration, 53. Caruth, C. 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