What Is Cubism in Art History

Cubism began as an idea and then it became a style. Based on Paul Cà ©zannes three main ingredients - geometricity, simultaneity (multiple views) and passage - Cubism tried to describe, in visual terms, the concept of the Fourth Dimension. Cubism is a kind of Realism. It is a conceptual approach to realism in art, which aims to depict the world as it is and not as it seems. This was the idea. For example, pick up any ordinary cup. Chances are the mouth of the cup is round. Close your eyes and imagine the cup. The mouth is round. It is always round - whether you are looking at the cup or remembering the cup. To depict the mouth as an oval is a falsehood, a mere device to create an optical illusion. The mouth of a glass is not an oval; it is a circle. This circular form is its truth, its reality. The representation of a cup as a circle attached to the outline of its profile view communicates its concrete reality. In this respect, Cubism can be considered realism, in a conceptual, rather than perceptional way. A good example can be found in Pablo Picassos Still Life with Compote and Glass (1914-15), where we see the circular mouth of the glass attached to its distinctive fluted goblet shape. The area that connects two different planes (top and side) to one another is passage. The simultaneous views of the glass (top and side) is simultaneity. The emphasis on clear outlines and geometric forms is geometricity. To know an object from different points of view takes time, because you move the object around in space or you move around the object in space. Therefore, to depict multiple views (simultaneity) implies the Fourth Dimension (time). Two Groups of Cubists There were two groups of Cubists during the height of the movement, 1909 to 1914. Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) and Georges Braque (1882-1963) are known as the Gallery Cubists because they exhibited under contract with Daniel-Henri Kahnweilers gallery. Henri Le Fauconnier (1881-1946), Jean Metzinger (1883-1956), Albert Gleizes (181-1953), Fernand Là ©ger (1881-1955), Robert Delaunay (1885-1941), Juan Gris (1887-1927), Marcel Duchamp (1887-1968), Raymond Duchamp-Villon (1876-1918), Jacques Villon (1875-1963) and Robert de la Fresnaye (1885-1925) are know as the Salon Cubists because they exhibited in exhibitions supported by public funds (salons) Whose Painting Started Cubism? Textbooks often cite Picassos Les Demoiselles dAvignon (1907) as the first Cubist painting.This belief may be true, because the work displays the three essential ingredients in Cubism: geometricity, simultaneity and passage. But Les Demoiselles dAvignon was not shown publicly until 1916. Therefore, its influence was limited. Other art historians argue that Georges Braques series of LEstaque landscapes executed in 1908 were the first Cubist paintings. The art critic Louis Vauxcelles called these pictures nothing but little cubes. Legend has it that Vauxcelles parroted Henri Matisse (1869-1954), who presided over the jury of1908 Salon dAutomne, where Braque first submitted his LEstaque paintings. Vauxcelles assessment stuck and went viral, just like his critical swipe at Matisse and his fellow Fauves. Therefore, we might say that Braques work inspired the word Cubism in terms of a recognizable style, but Picassos Demoiselles dAvignon launched the principles of Cubism through its ideas. How Long Has Cubism Been a Movement? There are four periods of Cubism: Early Cubism or Cà ©zannisme (1908-1910)Analytic Cubism (1910-12)Synthetic Cubism (1912-1914)Late Cubism (1915-present) Although the height of the Cubism period occurred before World War I, several artists continued the Synthetic Cubists style or adopted a personal variation of it. Jacob Lawrence (1917-2000) demonstrates the influence of Synthetic Cubism in his painting (a.k.a. Dressing Room), 1952. What Are the Key Characteristics of Cubism? Geometricity, a simplication of figures and objects into geometrical components and planes that may or may not add up to the whole figure or object known in the natural world.Approximation of the Fourth Dimension.Conceptual, instead of perceptual, reality.Distortion and deformation of known figures and forms in the natural world., the overlapping and interpenetration of planes.Simultaneity or multiple views, different points of view made visible on one plane. Suggested Reading: Antiff, Mark and Patricia Leighten. The Cubism Reader.Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008. Antliff, Mark and Patricia Leighten. Cubism and Culture.New York and London: Thames and Hudson, 2001. Cottington, David. Cubism in the Shadow of War: The Avant-Garde and Politics in France 1905-1914.New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1998. Cottington, David. Cubism.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Cottington, David. Cubism and its Histories.Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2004 Cox, Neil. Cubism.London: Phaidon, 2000. Golding, John. Cubism: A History and an Analysis, 1907-1914.Cambridge, MA: Belknap/Harvard University Press, 1959; rev. 1988. Henderson, Linda Dalrymple. The Fourth Dimension and Non-Euclidean Geometry in Modern Art.Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983. Karmel, Pepe. Picasso and the Invention of Cubism.New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2003. Rosenblum, Robert. Cubism and the Twentieth Century.New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1976; original 1959. Rubin, William. Picasso and Braque: Pioneers of Cubism.New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1989. Salmon, Andrà ©. La Jeune Peinture franà §aise, in Andrà © Salmon on Modern Art.Translated by Beth S. Gersh-Nesic.New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Staller, Natasha. A Sum of Destructions: Picassos Culture and the Creation of Cubism.New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2001.

With an estimated 11.7 million illegal immigrants in the...

With an estimated 11.7 million illegal immigrants in the U.S. today, immigration reform has been a volatile issue that hasn’t been adequately addressed throughout the 21st century. With the last major overhaul occurring in 1986, when over 3 million immigrants were granted U.S. citizenship, politicians are saying another major overhaul is needed to address the newer generation of illegal immigrants. Legislations including the Border Protection, Anti-terrorism, and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005, the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006, and the DREAM act of 2012 have all tried to address the depressing need for immigration reform but have failed due to lack of bipartisan support. Still, political leaders urge for†¦show more content†¦The main reasons include the close proximity between the two countries and the vast difference in the quality of life. For most, getting a job at minimum wage provides a much higher standard of living from what they came f rom. They are just looking for better jobs and economics opportunities to support their families that they cannot find in their home country. The average wage in Mexico is about $4.15 with those in the agricultural industries making even less. 40% of the Mexican population is under the poverty line, and 25% of workers are underemployed. With such disastrous numbers, many Mexicans find the U.S. to be extremely attractive. Flight attendants instruct passengers, in the event of a loss of cabin pressure, to put an oxygen mask on yourself before you try to help your children or other passengers. The same goes for the U.S. and illegal immigrants. With massive amounts of poverty, unemployment, and debt in the U.S., the U.S. must deal with its own problems before it helps others. The federal government has spent $186.8 billion on immigration enforcement since 1986 that has not helped keep illegal immigrants out of the U.S. Illegal immigration continues to be a burden on taxpayers through direct benefits, public education, and population-based services. In 2010 alone, the average unlawful immigrant household received $24,721 in governmentShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Illegal Immigration1420 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the most controversial issues in politics today is that of illegal immigration. â€Å"Immigration has been a constant source of economic vitality and demographic dynamism throughout our nationà ¢â‚¬â„¢s history.† (CAP Immigration Team, 2014) There are thousands of immigrants that arrive in the United States each year. Over the years, illegal immigration has been growing despite policies made to prevent this growth. In my opinion, immigration will continue to be a social issue that is fiercely debatedRead MorePrograms that benefit immigration, One of the most talked about topics right now is illegal900 Words   |  4 Pagesthat benefit immigration, One of the most talked about topics right now is illegal immigration and undocumented people. There’s talks about building a wall and adding more enforcements along the Mexican-American border, where according to an article by Fox News, there is not enough security to even talk about an amnesty. As of 2013 about an estimated 11.7 million undocumented people reside in the United States, which is not taking into account the millions of people that have been already deportedRead MoreNo Time At All Johnny Smith1841 Words   |  8 Pagesher jobs. The people she was working for found illegal immigrants to do her job for less money. Now Alexis Sue suddenly becomes evicted from her home and her children are being put up for adoption on the grounds that she could no longer give them a home. No longer will she ever acquire her five year old sons’ smile or hear her seven year old daughters laugh The United States of America have had open borders all throughout history. Accepting Immigrants with open arms, except during Work War I and WorldRead MoreDo Illegal Immigrants Hurt The Us Economy? Essay2159 Words   |  9 Pagesits immigration policy soon after it won independence from Great Britain on July 4th, 1776. For over two hundred and forty years ago. The law has since been shaped through different eras and different political views over the years. In more recent years, unauthorized immigration law in particular has become a major topic. From our law making politicians, Congress, political debates and school; it has been one of the focused topics. Do Illegal immigrants hurt the US economy? This question has beenRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagesdecentralizing the HR entity so that each functional area of the company has an HR manager assigned to it. The HR managers were expected to be key contributors to their areas by becoming knowledgeable about the business issues faced by their business functional units. Today, HR managers participate in developing business strategies and ensure that human resource dimensions are considered. For instance, the HR manager for manufacturing has HR responsibilities for 600 employees. In that role she contributes

Communication in the Military Free Essays

string(123) " war caused by miscommunication or inadequate communication by pushing the limits of communication technology and systems\." Communication has always been important with in the military from day one. Wihtout this communication no soldier would know where to be or when to be there. When the U. We will write a custom essay sample on Communication in the Military or any similar topic only for you Order Now S. military first began we fought in a completely different style than we do today. Back then there was alot more chivalry to war to than there is today. They stood on line with their chests out proud of what they were doing. Without communication the first rank would not know when to fire their muskets, when to take a knee, when to begin reloading their weapons and when to stand back up to take aim to start the process all over again. According to the Merriam Webster Dictionary the classification of communication states it’s a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs or behaviour. In relation, communication is the heart of what makes the United States Army what it is today. Without Communication vital information would not be passed down from the Chief of Command to a chain of Non Commissioned Officers to the soldiers. Not to mention, innocent lives would be in jeopardy, missions would be misconstrued, and simple information from NCO to soldier would be conflicted. Lack of communication in the army means important decision on anything would not be made. Taking from the Chief of Command, if he did communicated to his dependents on decisions such as going to war, or even making the change of declaring General Martin Dempsey chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff how could we improved the nation better yet a team; because all in all the United States army is a TEAM. Not having communication within a constituency of people creates an anarchy of chaos. The smallest amount of information is always imperative. For example, if a soldier goes out over the weekend and doesn’t inform anyone of he or she whereabouts and something crucial happens to him or her no one would never know because that soldier failed to communicated with his/her battle buddy more importantly their NCO. It is important to notify your chain of command where you are at all times so that they know. This is why the Army has developed the TRiPs system so that if traveling outside of the 250 mile radius of post you are required to fill out this digital form and it be approved by your supervisor before taking the said trip so that your chain of command knows your whereabouts always. When others know about one’s location it is easier to manoeuvre to find them if anything should ever go wrong. No one wants to become a victim if something should ever go not according to plan; and that’s why it is critical to notify someone whenever going out. Communication is key due to the simple fact that if the individuals involved in the social interaction do not first form a bases of what is tolerable and what is not, how than, can they â€Å"respect† the other individual. They next element that would be necessary for a healthy respectful relationship would be empathy. Without an empathic outlook by all parties engaged in communication, how might they respect another’s point of view? Empathy must follow communication, for empathy shows acknowledgement and understanding of what was first communicated by all parties. After empathy, the final and most important step towards respect is submission. Submission is needed to assimilate each individual into respect, not per say, for one or more individuals to dominate the others. Lets break down these three ideals of respect, starting with communication. Communication is the very bases for respect. Without this very basic idea, an organization as prominent as the Army of the United States could simply not exist. The relationship between communication and respect is one sided. Communication can exist without respect, but not vice versa. An example of this could include two individuals fighting over the price of an item. Both individuals are communicating, but neither is respecting the other. By any means, the bane of communication when applied to respect is miscommunication. Miscommunication in itself is the very break down of communication. Communication plays an essential role in any institution, especially in the military. The military employs two basic forms of communication; which are verbal and non-verbal. All two forms are vital to the success of the military. Without effective communication in the military regardless of the status there cannot be a positive outcome of any situation with failure to understand what is passed. Military communication has played an important role in transmitting information, orders, and reports both in the field and at sea and between command centres and deployed units both in the field and at sea. Information is transmitted from superiors to subordinates utilizing the chain of command system. â€Å"The American Heritage dictionary of English language† defines Chain of command as a system where by authority is passed down from the top through a series of executive positions or military ranks in which each is accountable to the one directly superior. Individual unit leaders exercise command by communicating orders and instruction of commanders to their respective units. Traditionally, military communication had been in the form of sending and receiving signals. â€Å"The first military comms tool was the communication automobile designed by the Soviet Union in 1934. The basics of the communications in the beginning was the sending and receiving of signals – which were encoded so that the enemy would not be able to get hold of any top secret communication. Then the advent of distinctive signals which lead to the formation of the Signal Corps, this corp. , specialised in tactics of military comms. They evolved into a distinctive occupation where the signaller became a highly technical job dealing with all available communications methods including civil ones. In the modern world, most nations attempt to minimize the risk of war caused by miscommunication or inadequate communication by pushing the limits of communication technology and systems. You read "Communication in the Military" in category "Essay examples" As a result military communication is more intense, complicated, and often motivates the development of advanced technology for remote systems such as satellites and aircraft, both manned and unmanned, as well as computers. Computers and their varied applications have revolutionized military comms. Fortunately military communication does not always merely facilitate warfare, but often supports intelligence gathering and communication between adversaries, and thus sometimes prevents war. Signal communication is basically a means of conveying information from person or place to the other utilizing indicators such as gestures and smoke. Signal communication or signaling has long played an important role in warfare. â€Å"This form of communication is greatly employed when troops don’t want to be heard or detected and it serves to provide a means of transmitting information from reconnaissance and other units in contact with the enemy. † The military uses signal communcatio ns in many different ways and have done so since the beginning of the military. Whether it be in the form of hand and arm signals within an Infantry unit to allow everyone behind them to know what they need to do at a specific time whether it be halt or stop movement, or to take a knee, to get down in the prone, to mark a rally point to meet up at. The list goes on and on and by using a signaling form of communication it allows them to do so without being heard by an enemy force that may be in the immediate area. The signaling form of communication smoke is also used by infantry units and other ground force elements to notify others what they need to do or the position in which they are in. They use smoke to notify medevac of their position in case they have wounded or KIA within their element to be picked up. Ground troops would â€Å"pop smoke† and wait for the medevac helicopter to indicate what color of smoke that they see to know that it is they element in which they are intending to go to. Verbal communication is the most widely used form of communication in the military. This method has an advantage over the other forms of communication. It allows the person passing the information to interpret the facial expressions of those receiving the information being passed. You can also use the web now days as a form of verbal communcation. With the addition of this tool the military has become even more effective. With this tool leaders are able to send the same message to a large group of people without having to take the time out to have a formation or a gathering of the soldiers in order to do so. This method has become the primary source of communcation within the military because of its ease and almost everyone has access to a computer and the web at some point during their duty day. It reduces time in which it takes to get information put out and reduces the amount of time that one would waste by going to a gathering or formation. The people within the conversation is ultimately unlimited to whomever they would like within it and allows for multiple responses at one said time whenever they see the message and are able to send a response without taking them away from other tasks at hand and allowing them to efficiently transition from one task to the next. Military Communication is a key to the success of everything that we do in the military. Here is an example of how the web can help efficiently pass along information in the Army. With communicating in the military it has to be clear and to the point because many times it has to be passed on to someone else and there can not be any confusion. Just recently I received and email. It was to pass along what the Commander had worked out for the holiday schedule for Thanksgiving and wanted all the units to be aware of the days that we would have off and the days that we needed to post a duty also give us the days for leave that service members are allowed to take and posted a memo stating that if someone is to take leave on these dates they are not allowed to take leave for the rest of the year unless it was a red cross emergency. The purpose of this email so I can inform my team on the days that we would have off and the days allotted for leave. My commanding officer was the sender and I was the receiver. The message was the days we would have off for thanksgiving holidays. The technology used was a milper messages which is a military personal message. All involved had positive feedback. The technology used was very appropriate due to this needed to be sent out to many units at one time rather than the commander looking up each email address and sending that out that way he could send it out to each unit and then the Commanding Officer can see to it that the message was passed to each person. Another form of military communication is Cryptography. Cryptography is one of the most influential and important assets pertaining to government today. â€Å"Cryptography is the mathematical science of preparingcommunication incoherent to parties unintended to receive the message, or Cryptography is the study of methods of converting readable messages into guised unreadable information, unless one knows of the methods of decryption. This military comms method ensured that the messages reached the correct hands and eyes or ears. Nowadays digital cash, signatures, digital rights management and intellectual property rights and secure electronic commerce are its new purviews. It is also being used in computing, telecommunications and infrastructure. † In essence this what this statement is saying is that when using cryptography you are required to enter some sort of passcode or password in order to access the material contained within the message. The military uses this method when it comes to almost any kind of electronically sent mail or information. In order to access the Army Knowledge Online website which contains soldiers data and emails you are required to enter your username and password. The passwords the military requires people to use are some of the most difficult passwords to hack. All passwords must contain uppercase, lowercase letters along with numbers and special characters. Another form of Cryptography used by the military is the common access card. This card contains soldier data within a microchip that is inserted into an identification card. When using the CAC card you also have a 6-8 digit pincode that is required when acessing government computers or material. Each soldier has a CAC card that is used to get throught the gate on each military installation. This form of Cryptography takes two essential things in the miltary and forms them both into one idea. Written communication is another form in which the military uses. The written form of communication is probably the most commonly used form of communication within the military. Military uses written communication everyday. Whether it be in the form of an email which can also be considered verbal or in the form of a Memorandum for record or a DA form 4856 counseling form. One of the most important concepts to master is expressed several ways: put your bottom line first, hook your reader, make it relevant to him/her. DA PAM 600-67 lists this concept first among its seven style techniques in Paragraph 3-1 and hammers the idea home again in Paragraph 3-2. AR 25-50 says â€Å"focus first on the main point† (Paragraph 1-45) and â€Å"open with a short, clear purpose statement† ( Paragraph 1-46). † A MFR can be for the purpose of many different things. It can be used to give guidence of off limit establishments or be a directive on how a task will be carried out. Beyond that there are even more ways a memorandum for record may be used but those are just a couple that come to mind right off hand. The DA form 4856 counseling is used amongst the Army. It gives guidence to the soldier on a monthly basis or whenever they do something negative in which his or her chain of command feels it is necessary to give the soldier a negative counseling. There are many other reasons for a counseling. They can be used for promotion purposes to give the soldier a guideline to things that he or she must accomplish in order to be recommended for promotion or reasons that they are not being recommended. On a monthly basis the counseling tells a soldier how the soldier ultimately did for the previous month whether it be good or bad. The counseling will have special emphasis on what the soldier did well as well as the soldiers shortcomings, giving the soldier guidence on what he or she should work on the following month. The DA 4856 is an excellent form of communication between the Team or Squad leader and the lower enlisted within his or her team or squad when used properly. Most people in the Army do not use the counseling form in the correct manner in which it was designed to be used. This is usually due to the fact that they themselves do not understand Army communication themselves or they just do not understand how the form is actually meant to be used. The Army is begining to go back to its old way and the ways that most soldiers have been brought up in the Army is in fact the wrong way leading to what is being known as Toxic Leadership and the Department of the Army is doing their best to begin getting rid of this toxic leadership. Toxic leadership could be defined as someone that does the bare minimum or in the case of a counseling form would what is referred to as hand jamming it. Meaning that they pay no attention to their soldier but when something comes up and they do not have the counselings prepared they go back and write them and instruct the lower enlisted soldier that they are in control of to back date the form to keep them from getting in trouble as well. This form has become more and more common within the Army that is rediculous. If someone wants to be in charge of someone they should take charge and do what they are suppose to do in that position not throwing their soldier under the bus when they think thats something they have done is coming back to bite them based on their own actions†¦ They expect their soldiers to cover them but leadership is suppose to stick up for their soldiers not throw them under the bus. What kind of signal, what kind of communication is this to the lower level soldier? Not a good one and thats all that can be said. To sum up this essay there are several different forms of communication within the military that all serve their own purpose to the military. There is the communication form of signal that can be used to signal different things from telling other soldiers what they should do next when in combat, to informing air support of your position via smoke or a VS-17 panel. There is the form of verbal communication which can be used to give a platoon or company of soldiers a safety briefing for the weekend, or just to put out guidence to a select few individuals within the element. Another form of communication being cryptography. Cryptography allows one said person to send another said person a message or email or another form of typed material that you must use a passcode, pincode, or password to access. All forms of government email use this type of communication to ensure the safety and well being of the rest of the population of the United States. The last form of communication we discussed is written. Written communication is the most important and most commonly used among the military. Written comunication can be used as a MFR or counseling session for a lower level soldier. A MFR can be used in different ways, it can be used to notify soldiers of off limit establishments or just to give guidence to soldiers on how to accomplish a said task that has been given to them. A DA form 4856 is utilized to give guidence to the lower level soldier on how well they have performed over the period of a month. Commonly known as a monthly counseling but can also be used as a negative counseling to inform a soldier of wrong doing that he or she has done to recieve the statement. Negative counselings can be used in conjunction to ultimately punish the soldier using UCMJ action. All in all communcation is an essential part of the military. The lack of communication cause serious problems as well as just the lack of understanding the communication that has been given. Communication within the military is a must or nothing will get done, or get done to the standards anyway. It is imparative that all members of the United States military understand the importance of communication and excercises it on a regular basis on order for the military to effectively function. How to cite Communication in the Military, Essay examples

The Life and Work of Hong Lysa-Free-Samples-Myassignementhelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Life and Work of Hong Lysa. Answer: Introduction Southeast Asian Studies refers to education and research on the culture, languages and history of different ethnic groups and states of Southeast Asia. There are several scholars, which had a great impact on the studies in the Southeast Asian region. They have supported the education, history and culture in the area. Conducting the study about any scholar may assist in understanding the history of that region or particular country. Here, the chosen scholar is Hong Lysa, who is a famous Singaporean historian. The job of a historian is very difficult, because they need to do the work of reviewing and understanding the past. When the people require the detailed information about the history or past, they prefer to approach historians. These people publish the books and writings about all the topics, different types of people and places. This essay includes different aspects related to Hong Lysa, such as; her writings, books, biography, legacy etc. Different websites and journals have be en searched to collect the data about the work of Hong Lysa. There are different books, which have beliefs, facts and traditions related to the life, career and interests of Hong Lysa. Her writings have a significant impact on the field. The books, which are authored by Hong are assisting the government and political activists in managing the history of nation. It can assist the country in managing its culture and education among students. The books of Hong Lysa are very much focused on the learning and teaching for the students, so they are very useful to the students, who are interested in studying history (Blackburn, 2016). This essay will assist in understanding the books and life of Hong Lysa as a scholar in her field. Furthermore, it will have the discussion about the people, who were very important in the life of Hong Lysa and who have motivated her to become an active historian in Thailand and Singapore. About Dr. Hong Lysa Dr. Hong Lysa is a popular historian, who was born in a Singaporean middle class family. She had completed her studies from primary right up to pre-university at CHIV Victoria Street. Currently, it is known as CHIJMES. Then, Hong entered in the phase of adulthood after the completion of her tertiary studies. She had done her education from a well-known university, i.e. University of Singapore. Then after, she had completed her PhD course from Sydney University, Australia. After the completion of this course, she was known as Dr. Hong Lysa. Dr. Hong Lysa is a historian, who worked on 19th century history of Thailand prior to turning to the history of Singapore (Gomes, 2016). From 1984 to 2000, she had worked as a historian and researcher in National University of Singapore (NUS). National University of Singapore is one of the top ranked universities in the world. In this period, she was working as a member of History Department and simultaneously from 1992, Southeast Asia Education Program. After leaving her academic center, which she was having, Dr. Hong Lysa has worked as an independent writer and researcher. In addition to this, she is also involved in politics of the history writing in Singapore country (Spector, et al, 2014). Hong Lysa possesses different skills and abilities in her field, such as; effective communication skills, research and investigative skills, ability to evaluate and predict the required data and information and interest in culture, society and human behavior. She has all the essential skills, which assisted Hong in enhancing her image and popularity in this discipline. People can follow her on her blog, although she denies that she does not update her blog routinely. Link for her blog is https://minimyna.wordpress.com/. The comments on this blog are very much important, when they are related to history. Moreover, people can follow her works and contributions on an e-journal website, i.e. www.s-pores.com. Dr. Hong is a founding person of this e-journal website, which provides students new directions in the studies in Singapore. Hong Lysa is one of the publishers of The 1963 Operation Coldstore in Singapore that was published in the year 2013 (Caruth, 2016). There are various books and writings of Dr. Hong Lysa, which are influential for the society and students in the country. Along with her books, she has also published on history and historiography of Thailand and Singapore as well. She was very good scholar as she has argued that native scholars do not require to justify their focus on nation and in fact have a captivating sense of mission in doi ng their own work and tasks, which generally cannot be separated from their roles and responsibilities as the members of that particular society (Chong, Hye-Kyung Lim, 2014). There are various books and contents, which are authored and co-authored by Dr. Hong Lysa. Before discussing about her own work on the history of Singapore and Thailand, here is the discussion about her scholarly interests. The scholarly interests include different work and writings of other authors. These are some books and writings, which are very important to the life of Dr. Hong and meant most to Hong. Some of these books are stated below; Tan Jing Quee and Jomo KS,Comet in our Sky: Lim Chin Siong in History(2001) Michel-Rolph Trouillot,Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History(1995) Shahid Amin,Event, Metaphor, Memory: Chauri Chaura 1922-1992(1995) Rachel Leow,Taming Babel: Language in the Making of Malaysia(2017) There are some titles of books, which motivate her to perform and execute the things in an effective manner. By looking at these titles or themes, it can be realized that this Singaporean Historian is very passionate about the power and how it impacts the heritage or past records (Entwistle, 2015). Tan Jing Quee and Jomo KS,Comet in our Sky: Lim Chin Siong in History(2001) is one of the most preferred books for Dr. Hong Lysa. This book is the combination of personal and academic reflections on Lim Chin Siong, who was a magnetic political person in the post war history of Singapore Country. Lim was the founding person in the Peoples action Party (PAP) that is well-known political party in the country (Harrison, Jackson, 2010). He was a rising political star in 1960s. After considering the facts, it can be seen that on the book of Lim Chin Siong, the scholar Dr. Hong stated that she realized that this book was the path breaking art in order to reduce the re-launching the inhibited past of post-war history of Singapore. On this, the author also stated that Dr. Hong feels very strong about providing the voice to the relegated, silenced and forgotten voice of countrys strategy (Wee, 2002). Moreover, Michel-Rolph Trouillot,Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History(1995) is another book, which is she waiting for me. Hong Lysa is interested in this book and learned so many things from this writing. Silencing the Past is one of the thought provoking evaluation of historical structure. Hong is very much passionate about the history, so that it liked very much about this book (Lau, 2013). This book gives various examples, which range from the Haitian Revolution to Columbus Day. About this book, Hong stated that this was a classic and important work on historiography and the book starts with a very interested notion, i.e. there are two aspects of the history, i.e. one is socio-historical process and another one is historical description. This book is very useful for the historians and other authors, who like to make sense of unclear work. Thus, this is the major reason that Hong is interested in this book and preferred it as her scholarly interest (King, 2015). The information and knowledge about these aspects assist the chosen scholar in attaining her goals and publishing its books on the basis of given past information and records about the country (Trouillot, 1995). Every person has an ideal in his/her life, from whom he/she learned to work and get motivation and they are known as influencers. These people get the credits of a successful career. There are some individuals, to whom Hong credits, like; Craig Reynolds, Maurizio Peleggi, Nidhi Aeusriwongse, Chatthip Nartsupha, Kasian Tejapira and Thongchai Winichakul. These people have been the most motivating and inspirational for selected scholar, i.e. Dr Hong Lysa (Yang, et al, 2015). Craig Reynolds: Craig Reynolds was first PhD supervisor, who was working with the Cornell School of Thai Studies. Lysa considers Reynolds as revolutionary, because he broke away from classical area of Thailands monarchy approaches and not focusing on the students using the area. The focus is on the student rising in the year 1973 Bangkok and overthrow after 3 years (Lim, et al, 2014). Maurizio Peleggi: Moreover, professor Peleggi is her colleague from the similar division and he is still teaching in the same department of National University of Singapore. In the case of Hong Lysa, it was very interesting that she recognized scholars only from Thailand as motivational peers and there were not domestic colleagues were provided. Here, it can be assumed that it might be that her foundations were built on the history of Thailand that had created her opinions and thinking but Hong clarified that the actual reason behind this is that she always believed that these Thai scholars were more public intellects, intensely connected with the communities and societies, not only in the academic history (Lysa, 2016). Chatthip Nartsupha: Chatthip Nartssupha is another person, who motivated and inspired Hong Lysa to work as a historian. Nartcupha is the senior lecturer of Economic History at Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok. Hong believed that he is the person, who loves to take challenges in the field. He is also from Thailand culture. Apart from above mentioned names, there are two more names, such as; Kasian Tejapira and Thongchai Winichakul. These people are also from the Thailand. Thus, from above names, it can be noted that most of the people in her list of influencers and compatriots is from Thai culture. In this context, Hong Lysa believed that there are not historians from Singapore currently, who succeed as one. Hong is one of the PhD. Scholar, who performed her field work by communicating with Thai youth activists. She was having more trust on Thai people than Singaporeans, as they supported her in her beginning phase. It assisted her in establishing herself in academic career and finally her different interests in the inhibited and marginalized segments of the countrys society. Thus, these are the people, to whom Hong Lysa wants to give her credits for her success as a historian in Singapore. After discussing the books and writings about other authors, this is the time to explain about the work and writings apart from these. There are so many books, which are published by Hong Lysa. These books are authored or co-authored by her, such as; living in a time of deception (2016), The 1963 Operation Coldstore in Singapore: Commemorating 50 Years (2013), The May 13 Generation: The Chinese Middle Schools Student Movement and Singapore Politics in the 1950s (2011) and The Scripting of a National History: Singapore and its Pasts (2008). She is the co-publisher of Dr. Poh Soo Kais historical way staying in the time, when living in a time of deception has been published in the year 2016 (Lysa, 2016). From these books, two of these theories are explored and information regarding both the books is included in the next slide of given presentation. Since late 90s, there are so many publications, which indicate developing new academic trends in the post-war history of Singapore. This modern trend makes the case for pragmatic theory, which operates counter to the national narrative and state discourse (Seng, Tan, 2016). Living in a time of deception (2016) This is one of the most powerful content, which is given by Hong Lysa and Poh Soo Kai. It is powerful and well-researched and organized history of Singapore country, which will be precious for the scholars and other people, like; aspiring political activists, expecting for a more democratic country. By looking at this, it can be said that books like this is necessary to publish of freeing the mind of Singaporean people, which is only just the starting. This was the first book that includes the account of history of Singapore in the 1950s and 1960s together (Limqueco, 2016). By looking at this book, it can be said that the author exposes the facts and figures about the history and it also provides tactics and strategies to the politicians and activists. The Scripting of a National History: Singapore and its Pasts (2008) This volume wants to state that it is co-authored by Huang Jianli and Hong Lysa. It is other addition to the sequence of editions, which have developed over the months or thus, as an important trend in the Singapore history alternative. This new and modern trend mainly focuses on making the case of revolutionist and alternative narrative as a security to set discourse and national narrative. It answers different questions, like; What is the national narrative? Has anyone heard about the history of Singapore It emphasizes on the different aspects of Singapore history, such as; historiographical analysis of formulation of story of Singapore, forgotten history and the opting method used by the talking. From this volume, it will be appeared that other groups played fairly unimportant roles in the post-war enquiry (Lysa, Huang, 2008). This book is the success story sponsored by state that states how the country has developed from the poor country to the international economically successful country in less than 3 generations. Therefore, it is very significant to study this book for understanding the literature, which includes those that make efforts to revisionist assessment of different ethnic histories of de-colonization of Singapore. The Scripting of a National History includes total 12 chapters, from which most of them were published between the year 1998 and year 2007. The book is divided into three parts; first part is Scripture, part two Chinese issue of Singapore. In the conclusion part, Hong consists of a brief discussion about the reception of history via instances of student thinking and learning about the countrys history through evaluations of Singapore story and National Education (Lysa, Huang, 2008). Moreover, this book is very useful to assist in understanding how Lee Kuan Yew and team introduced new approaches and policies and executed them to falsify this new country in South East Asia. The 1963 Operation Coldstore in Singapore: Commemorating 50 Years (2013) Operation coldstore was one of the most contentious events in the history of postcolonial Singapore. Despite the efforts by the state to peaceful ex-detainees, by giving them warning that they will not be allowed to restate the states official version of countrys history. The scholars in this book or volume have done this. They have put on their viewpoints of events. Under this, the autobiographical component in the narrative carries to the life what the people went through as political actors from left-side, who had given the response to the call of anti-colonialism and the threat of building a new community (Kai, Fang, Lysa, 2013). In this context, Hong Lysa has stated that operation coldstore was essential for the national safety and security that is at the heart of the PAP myth. The authors in the books have attempted to undermine and question the national narrative or the story of Singapore, by penetrating the historiographical methods of the narrative state, that data and figures, which have been left, and the characteristics and types of these omissions. This paper also indicates the inherent stabilities, personified in the past figures and data, key events and how these nations to be oppressed by the political leaders of Singapore to bring something relevance of the history to the present. By considering both, the author offers a strong argument and simple account of the prospective state of the country narrative up to its present (Montesano, 2013). Specifically, the scholars make an argument that it is possible to distinguish how the country narrative has been decided to a large level by the stronger perspective of Lee Kuan Yew. His views and experiences with the Chinese society built the country narrative, which has gone ahead to dominate the social me mory of existing Singaporeans. Under this process, places and individuals are chosen, designated and convened about the historical importance to strengthen the narrative currency, which has been established. If the approach of scripting offered a principal alternative that is omitted part of history of Singapore, operation coldstore offers a particular account of any event, which has been elapsed in the history of country. In the year 1963, more than 100 candidates of political opposition were frightened very much and thrown in the confinement directly without any trial process as they opposed the British PAP merger and acquisition with Malaya (Naughton, 2015). These political activists were named as communists but it actual they were not the communists. Although they might be proud nationalists in Singapore, which were anti-colonialists, which only work opposite to a UK Sponsored merger. There are some of these detainees, who were the compatriots of LKY and they were searching for the members and candidates of the PAP party like Poh Soo Kai and Lim Chin Siong. ISA is used today also and it is a principle for the national safety and security in the states people eyes (Ngoi, 2015). In the field of History, the efforts and work of Hong Lysa have made various improvements and developments. The scholar has focused on the country and students while publishing her books. In one of her books, Hong included different things related to student learning and teaching about the Singapore history. Through this, the scholar notices that students are very important of the countys history that they learn in the schools since this history refuses space for optional versions (Rist, 2014). The books and other writings of Dr. Hong Lysa assisted the people in understanding about the history of Singapore and other aspects. It assisted the political groups in enhancing the situations in the communities and society. The succinct account of work of Hong about the political economists will be significant value to the scholars, whether they are Thai specialists or not. It is considerable for all, who want to gain the knowledge about the history and other critiques, which may impact the growth of country in the coming future. These books of the scholar states that Singapore today is the outcome of what Hong Lysa did to the historical and political approaches and methods in the previous years (Poh, Chen, Hong, 2013). The publication of these books is very important for the people in the country as it assists them in understanding different aspects, like; their human rights, heritage, culture and other essential things. Conclusion Dr. Hong Lysa is working as a Senior Visiting Fellow in the History Division of Singapore. In Southeast Asian region, she is guiding the students with her knowledge and experiences. From the above analysis, it can be concluded that the life and work of Hong Lysa affected the society, community and all over the country, i.e. Singapore. As a popular historian, Hong has served the students with her knowledge and made them familiar about the history of Singapore. The above essay is prepared on the basis of given presentation. The essay includes different aspects related to Hong Lysas life. It includes the biography about this historian. Hong is a popular academic historian, who has worked in National University of Singapore. Then, he started to work independently as writer and historian. There are so many books and writings, which are authored by Hong. The discussion includes some of the books of Hongs, like; living in a time of deception (2016), The 1963 Operation Coldstore in Singapore : Commemorating 50 Years (2013), The May 13 Generation: The Chinese Middle Schools Student Movement and Singapore Politics in the 1950s (2011) and The Scripting of a National History: Singapore and its Pasts (2008). A detailed description is given about two books only, which evaluates the skills and capabilities of Hong as an effective historian in Singapore. It includes some people, who inspired Hong to become a better historian. Most of these people are from Thai culture. It is very important to gain the knowledge about the history of your country as it can assist in learning and other communication proces References Blackburn, K. (2016). 4 Battlefield tourism in Singapore.War Memory and Commemoration, 53. Caruth, C. (2016).Unclaimed experience: Trauma, narrative, and history. JHU Press. Chong, T., Hye-Kyung, L., Lim, L. (2014). Bureaucratic imaginations in the global city: arts and culture in Singapore.Cultural Policies in East Asia: Dynamics between the State, Arts and Creative Industries, 17-34. Entwistle, N. (Ed.). (2015).Handbook of Educational Ideas and Practices (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. Gomes, C. (2016). Liking it, not loving it: International students in Singapore and their navigation of everyday life in transience.The Asia-Pacific in the Age of Transnational Mobility: The Search for Community and Identity on and Through Social Media,1, 87. Harrison, R.V. Jackson, P.A. (2010). The Ambiguous Allure of the West:Traces of the Colonial in Thailand. Hong Kong University Press.Kai, P. S., Fang, T. K., Lysa, H. (2013). The 1963 Operation Coldstore in Singapore.King, V. T. (2015). Nature contained: Environmental histories of Singapore.Journal of Southeast Asian Studies,46(1), 163.Lau, A. (2013). Singapore in Global History.Pacific Affairs,86(1), 195-197. Limqueco, P. (2016). Living in a Time of Deception, Poh Soo Kai (Singapore Petaling Jaya: Function 8 Pusat Sejarah Rakyat, 2016). Lim, S., Yang, W. W., Leong, C. H., Hong, J. (2014). Reconfiguring the Singapore identity space: Beyond racial harmony and survivalism.International Journal of Intercultural Relations,43, 13-21. Lysa, H. Huang, J. (2008). The Scripting of a National History:Singapore and Its Pasts. NUS Press.Lysa, H. (2016). A City-State as Migrant Nation: Singapore from the Colonial to the Asian Modern. InSites of Modernity(pp. 65-84). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.Montesano, M. (2013). Studying Singapore's Past: CM Turnbull and the History of Modern Singapore ed. by Nicholas Tarling.Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society,86(2), 103-105.Naughton, J. (2015).A brief history of the future. Weidenfeld Nicolson. Ngoi, G. P. (2015). Editorial introduction:Malaya reconstructed in contemporary discourse.Inter-Asia Cultural Studies,16(1), 5-8. Poh, S. K., Chen, G., Hong, L. (Eds.). (2013).The 1963 operation coldstore in Singapore: Commemorating 50 years. Strategic Information and Research Development Centre. Rist, G. (2014).The history of development: From western origins to global faith. Zed Books Ltd. Seng, L. K., Tan, K. P. (2016). 3 Convergence and slippage between film and history.Singapore Cinema: New Perspectives,50, 37. Spector, J. M., Merrill, M. D., Elen, J., Bishop, M. J. (Eds.). (2014).Handbook of research on educational communications and technology(pp. 439-451). New York, NY: Springer. Trouillot, M.R. (1995). Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History, Beacon Press. Wee, C. (2002).Comet In Our Sky: Lim Chin Siong In History. Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society,75(1 (282)), 121-123. Yang, L., Tan, X., Wang, Z., Zhang, X. (2015). Supramolecular polymers: historical development, preparation, characterization, and functions.Chemical reviews,115(15), 7196-7239.