The Discovery of Paralititan Stomeri - A Giant Sauropod Essay -- Anthr

The Discovery of Paralititan Stomeri - A Giant SauropodIn the scientific article A giant sauropod dinosaur from an upper Cretaceous mangrove cleave in Egypt, by Joshua Smith, Matthew Lamanna, Kenneth Lacovara, and Peter Dodson it is indicated that a giant sauropod named Paralititan Stomeri was discovered in a desert area in western Egypt in 2001. The picture was dated back to ninety to integrity hundred million years ago, which is the late Cretaceous period. Paralititan is a sauropod, which is thought to be the second largest that has ever lived. A partial skeleton of this enormous sauropod was found. What was found is seen when the authors write, The specimen consists largely of vertebrae, pectoral girdle, and forelimb elements (Dodson, Lacovara, Lamanna, and Smith). The largest bone found was a 1.69 meter long humerus, which is an upper weapon bone. This was the first find in the area since 1935. The area where the bones were found is called Egypts Bahariya Oasis. The last time this site was explored was when a German, named Ernst Stromer, found four smaller dinosaur species. Stromer believed that the fossils he found came from a period in the Upper Cretaceous around ninety three to ninety nine million years ago. include in stromers findings were fish, turtles, plesiosaurs, squamates, crocodyliforms, and four dinosaurs the theropods Spinosaurus, Carcharodontosaurus, and Bahariasaurus, and the sauropod Aegyptosaurus (Dodson, Lacovara, Lamanna, and Smith).Unfortunately most of these fossils were destroyed in 1944 when the Allied forces bombed Munich during World War II. The period around ninety to one hundred million years ago is characterized by a very small variation in temperature between the north and south ... ... in that area. The husking of the Paralititan supports the possibility that the two continents were attached through the late Cretaceous, because it is closely related to the Argentinosaurus. This discovery is exciting because it is another very large sauropod and, because it helps support the theory that Africa and South America were still connected through the late Cretaceous period.Bibliography Dodson, Peter, Kenneth Lacovara, Matthew Lamanna, and Joshua Smith. A giant sauropod dinosaur from an Upper Creataceous mangrove deposit in Egypt. Science. uppercase June1, 2001. Vo. 292, Iss. 5522. Roach, John. Tidal Giant Roamed Coastal Swamps of Ancient Africa. National Geographic News. 2001. http//news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/05/0 531-tidaldinosaur.html

Survivor :: essays research papers

Survivor Africa has been entertaining to watch and will be interesting to see how the disparate episodes relate to the topics discussed throughout the course. It will be interesting to see how the different group dynamics within each tribe collaborates. You have a overplus of different personality types within each tribe. There are young and old members, gender differences, workers and slackers, introverts and extroverts, and racial differences. However, the first and most appropriate example that comes to straits that is directly related to the show and the course is the Robbers Cave Study. The study was able to show that whenever you are competing for limited resources, conflict is inevitable. The first days most salient moments in the Boran tribe revolved around Diane and Clarence. I believe Diane started off on the wrong foot by taking control of the map and indeed leading the rest of the tribe in the wrong direction. She assumed a leadership role without earning it. When t hey finally arrived at their campsite they were lacking water, so they steady down to open a can of cherries. They carefully passed the can around, with each member taking one. Well, each person except Clarence, who helped himself to two cherries. This was Clarences first mistake, this was non a brilliant move on Clarences part, especially after only the second day. As we learned in chapter four, first impressions are lasting, and passel are slow to change their first impressions on the basis of new information. Later on that day, both teams had their first immunity-reward challenge that involved having a race. It was sooner obvious that Diane did not do very well, she pretty much passed out. Samburu ultimately won the challenge. When Boran returned to camp, Diane was still not feeling well, so Clarence decided to stay bottomland to help her while the other team members went to get water. While the other team members were away, Clarence decided to open a can of beans to feed to Diane thinking it major power do her some good, What a guy Well, Diane ate some and Clarence polished off the rest of them and then discarded the can. To make a long level short, this was Clarences second mistake. When the team returned, they realized what had occurred and all lashed out at him. Considering what just occurred, I must admit, Clarence handled himself extremely well.

Aristophanes Views :: Aristophanes Greek Theatre Plays Essays

Aristophanes ViewsThere have been many arguments as to Aristophanes shots and politics.Some arguing that it is almost impossible to correct any seriousview points Aristophanes may have being trying to say through hisplays. While many others may argue, that points do in the Parabasisand through the various comic styles, atomic number 18 the key to what Aristophanesthought and believed. With so little evidence of Aristophaneshimself, it is hard to prove a case either way. While taking intoaccount the social mood at the time and what the main aims of theplays were, I will be looking into Thesmophoriazusae and whetherAristophanes was attempting to make any serious points through variousstyles of humour.In order to determine whether Aristophanes was putting forward aserious point, it helps to look at the back ground and context inwhich his plays were written.In Greek theatre the audience was made up solely of men. with the onlywomen being those on stage, and even then only altogether owed to play silentparts such as slaves.Throughout the play, women ar a common theme, at the time in whichThesmophoriazusae was written (411bc), attitudes towards them weremuch the same as in many societies. Women were inferior to men, inalmost all parts of society. They were the property of men. Whether itbe their husbands or their fathers, they could not vote, could nothold a position of office, and could not own any property. How perpetually in most parts of Athenian society they were considered to be almost theequals of men, religion is a prime example of this. In religiousmatters women were at times essential, in burials and civic sacrificerituals.In contrast to this, Pericles citizenship law (451bc) raised theirstatus to that of most prized possessions. The law stated that only anAthenian wife could produce a lucid male heir. She became theonly thing that could allow the husbands family name to be carriedon. It became a constant fear for the husbands, that their wives would be adulterous and produce a child, as the child would grow up and havea legitimate claim on the family possessions. Women became far moreprotected by their husbands, than they ever had been previously. Awife with both an Athenian mother and Athenian father, became highlyprized. This of course was more of a problem for a rich husband than apoor husband, as they had more to lose. However due to a lack of beingable to afford help around the house, women of poor husbands had greater freedom, as they had to go out and fetch things needed for the

The Hypocrisy Of Diversity Essay -- essays research papers

Diversity. Its everywhere you look these days. When you switch on your TV set, you open up a newspaper, or you just look out your window - its there. It seems everybody has a lot to say about diversity, but what does it mean, what does it really mean? And what does the future hold for a racially diverse America?Well.. lets look at the fine mess who are pushing for the diversity line. Whos opening the trammels to hordes of illegal aliens in order to diversify the racial harborup of the United States and allowing these criminals to collect welfare and vote? Whos saying we should harbor to make way for Blacks and Mexicans in our own fiat, forcing us to change our ways, our culture, in order to accommodate these passel, and their cultures. Who is saying that we should bring these Negroes and Mestizoes into predominantly White hind ends and institutions, and we should pass on to be tolerant and sensitive to the heathen and racial attitudes of these people.Isnt it mainly the lef t thats saying we should have to accept more diversity, that we should have to change our ways and become more sensitive towards these people when we are dealing with them? Isnt it mainly these leftists, the Marxist-Communists, the professional class- and race-warfare artists, that are always crying out about the oppression of the Negro and the Mestizo, and how we need to help these people by giving them promiscuous healthcare, free welfare, free houses. Just last year that proud moral example, that wonderful honest man whos word was his bond, that embodiment of patriotic Americanism, president Bill Clinton verbalize proudly to a cheering audience that "by 2050, Whites will be a minority in the United States". Yes, its mainly the left, but most Republicans are not much better as they do a fairly good job of sitting back and watching it happen, since they know that it drives down the damage of labor to have a such a large unskilled population.But really, what kind of bene fits do diversity and multiculturalism bring to our lodge and to the average Joe White guy. after all, its not at all necessary to bring people from other races and from other cultures to our country just for the sake of having them here, and its not necessary for us to have to bend our customs, culture and values in order to accomodate these people. This is really only a new trend, I mean... ...could live in a free society with rights above those of the Government. We need your help to awaken more people, to snap them out of this idiotic idea that this diversity is good for our society. We need your help by lobbying your congressmen to restrict border controls, to restrict the rights of illegal aliens, and to abolish this trend for a mongrelized diverse society. We need your help and we need the help of other independently-minded Nordic Aryans like you in stopping diversity from destroying our society and re-establishing America as the home of the American Dream and the land of p rosperity and success. We need this help because if were going to make America a great place to live in twenty or thirty years time, and not the next South Africa, were going to have to awaken as many people as we can into taking a stand and fighting as well. Its not enough just to say "you know, I agree with what youre saying", you have to say "I agree with what youre saying, and Im willing to fight to make it happen". To merely believe is not enough, you must have the will to fight, and to fight toughened to make this change which will decide the future of our nation.

The Tarantella Dance in A Dolls House :: A Dolls House Essays

The Tarantella Dance in A Dolls House In A Dolls House, Ibsen uses some(prenominal) symbols. One symbol that is used to symbolize Noras character is a dance called the Tarantella. The Tarantella is a folk dance from southern Italy. It goes from an already quick yard to an even quicker one, while alternating between major and minor keys. It is characterized by swift movements, foot tapping, and on the womens part, exaggerated ruffling of petticoats. It involves a lot of real fast spinning and jumping until one cannot dance eithermore and is so exhausted they fall to the ground. It is in constant uncertainty, like Noras character. The tarantelle has a truly interesting history. Its name derives from a little southern town of Italy called Taranto. It was believed that if a spider called the tarantula bit the townspeople, the only way to survive its bite was to do a dance called the Tarantella. The locals believed this was the only cure. If the people bitten did not danc e they would suffer severe pain, muscle spasms, vomiting most eventually died. There were not any drugs that could counteract the venom. Many believed that the sweating associated with the dance flushed the venom from the dancers bodies. They would continue dancing for hours and even days. It was so common that musicians patrolled the fields where most of the bites took place in expectation of being hired to play for the injured. Just as the dancer is trying to get rid of the venom, Nora was trying to rid herself of the deadly outside poison. The tarantella serves as her last chance to be Torvalds doll, to dance and amuse him. HELMER But, my dear Nora, you look so worn out. Have you been practising too much? NORA No, I brook not practised at all. HELMER But you will need to - NORA Yes, indeed I shall, Torvald.

The Tarantella Dance in A Dolls House :: A Dolls House Essays

The Tarantella Dance in A Dolls House In A Dolls House, Ibsen uses many symbols. One symbol that is apply to symbolize Noras character is a dance called the Tarantella. The Tarantella is a folk dance from southern Italy. It goes from an already quick tempo to an even quicker one, age alternating between major and minor keys. It is characterized by swift movements, foot tapping, and on the womens part, exaggerated ruffling of petticoats. It involves a lot of very fast spinning and leap until one cannot dance anymore and is so exhausted they fall to the ground. It is in constant uncertainty, like Noras character. The tarantella has a very interesting history. Its name derives from a little southern town of Italy called Taranto. It was believed that if a spider called the tarantula bit the townspeople, the moreover way to survive its bite was to do a dance called the Tarantella. The locals believed this was the only cure. If the people bitten did not dance they would suf fer severe pain, muscle spasms, vomiting most eventually died. There were not any drugs that could counteract the venom. Many believed that the perspire associated with the dance flushed the venom from the dancers bodies. They would continue dancing for hours and even days. It was so common that musicians patrolled the fields where most of the bites took place in expectation of being employ to play for the injured. Just as the dancer is trying to get rid of the venom, Nora was trying to rid herself of the deadly outside poison. The tarantella serves as her last possibility to be Torvalds doll, to dance and amuse him. HELMER But, my dear Nora, you look so worn out. Have you been practising too much? NORA No, I have not practised at all. HELMER But you will need to - NORA Yes, indeed I shall, Torvald.

Languages of Love

Love is something that you give away and it comes right back to you. Good even out everyone Old or young, rich or poor, we altogether have a God-given yearning to sock and be bopd. However, due to the fallen world we live in, a lot of people nowadays would have a hard time at expressing their love to others. As a result, poor relationships are developed. But thankfully, all Is not lost Have you heard of the Five Languages of Love? They are the means through which we can express or receive love.A proper mind of these will greatly enhance our relationships. Today, allow me to share the top three love languages in my life. These are Gift-giving, Words of attestation and look time. The first love language I learned, Gift-giving, was introduced by my parents while I was growing up. This, however, does not merely focus on the material value of the gift, but rather, on Its soupy value to the giver. As much as I enjoy the tangible language of love, I also desire the intangible ones W ords of affirmation and Quality mime.Some people may say that actions speak louder than words. But I for one believe that words do matter too. That Is the reason why Words of affirmation speaks to my heart as well. As I was brought up In a positive linguistic environment, Its easy for me to speak kind and encouraging words to others. Lastly, my almost cherished of all the love languages is Quality time. This involves giving each other an undivided attention while performing any activity, or by just now Ewing at each others side.What I love most about it is that, it provides a vessel for the memories of love in the years to come. To sum It up, understanding what kind of love language one speaks, Is the key to developing meaningful relationships. Be it with your family, friends, or special someone. Take note that aside from these three, the other two are Acts of emolument and Physical touch. Now that I know what my primary love languages are, dont you think its about time you disco vered yours?

Western Art Exhibition Critique

The build Renoir in the 20th Century is a group machination exhibit of the French cheatist Pierre-Auguste Renoir and his friends, held at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA), exhibiting from February 14 to May 9, 2010. The pigmentings on exhibit are the moulds Renoir finished in the last 30 years of his life, included in the 6,000 device pieces he finished throughout his entire career. The gallery literature lists his let outed playact as decorative, classical, and a highly personalised interpretation of the Grand Tradition. The artists that Renoir influenced throughout his life and are also on display at the LACMA with their incommodetings, drawings and sculptures are Picasso, Matisse, Maillol and Bonnard. The art works in the public display by Renoir consist of women, children and family members with only a few self-portraits. No landscape or still life is evident in this show, as in his precedent Impressionism shows.But what makes it important is that the art w ork is good, as compared to years of negative art reviews by critics, who have turned their backs on this notable artist in his later years. Painting until he died in 1919, Renoir was an unpretentious and very humble artist, even though he always wanted to be the best at what he did. He had become well-established during the Impressionism years because of his talent and this attitude. However, his successful art period was quickly followed by years of wondering if he could ever paint again. Im starting to know how to paint. It has taken me over fifty years work to get this far and its not finished yet, declared the artist Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1841-1919) in 1913, at a time when a major exhibition of his work, including the large nudes painted at the turn of the twentieth century, was in the show at the Bernheim Jeune gallery in Paris. When Renoir followed some other artists, such as M geniust, into Impressionism it was considered by the art world as a huge movement away from rea lism the historical work of past artists that almost appeared to imitate life.The year 1869 had brought a new style of art called Impressionism into the world, developed by artists Renoir and Monet. At the beginning of the art movement, the works of both artists were so much alike it was as if their still life and landscape art blended together into one joyful confederacy with colors to match the feelings. Using unmixed primary colors, the work had a look about it unlike any other. The dark earthy tones and heavy consecrated brush strokes of the previous masters were gone.By 1880, Renoir had begun to move away from Impressionism even though he was highly sought for his unique colors and rainbow palette style, peculiarly in his nudes and body forms. However, deep inside he felt he had wrung Impressionism dry. These feelings are because his work of the human form had always been more traditional than other artists of the Impressionism group, and he was feeling as if it was pulling him away from what he felt was right for him.Renoirs return from an Italy trip in 1982 left him doubting Impressionism even more, with his work changing so much that critics, patrons and other artists felt he was going downhill with his art ability. At this time, late Renoir artwork was beginning to be considered gloomy Renoir work. Showing with the Impressionists, the painter Renoir is reported to have lamented to a dealer, Ive come to the conclusion that I can neither paint nor draw. Looking at the show one is inclined to mumble, Indeed. Renoir eventually left Impressionism, reroutine to the full-bodied female nude and children he enjoyed doing, instead of landscape and outdoors. After studying in Italy, he ascertained the importance of drawing prior to painting. According to the art exhibit literature, the work of Gabriel and Jean that Renoir painted in 1895, a painting of his infant son and nanny, show this fact. Prior to its painting, he worked on preparatory drawings of the painting before he started.This was difficult He had become so mesmerized with the childs infant gown he spent hours on the painting, while quickly painting over the face of Gabrielle whom he really did not want to paint, refusing her several times prior to this. He Jean said that in his fathers paintings, everyone looked as if they were brothers and sisters. We are all Renoirs children in the paintings, Jean Renoir said. Severely in pain with rheumatoid arthritis, his hands became completely gnarled and he became wheelchair-bound.In as much pain as he was, he still painted for years. Paintings like Jean as a Huntsman shows a full-length portrait of his son, Jean, referred to as a modern Blue Boy. The work appears as a work of the old masters, with the gallery listings describing it as similar to the work of Spanish artist Diego Velazquez, which exemplified Renoirs work with great art of the past with Jean posing for several months while his father painted under extreme pain thr oughout the process.According to the LACMA literature for the show, the painting remained with Renoir until his death, and then was given to LACMA by Renoirs son, Jean, in 1979. Subject matter of his final years were nudes, girls at a piano, children with their nannies turning his back on his Impressionism style he had been so involved with earlier in his life. The light brush strokes disappeared, with Renoir returning to the style of the old masters such as Rubens.With hands appearing as old tree stumps, he had mastered the use of color and brush strokes toward his final years. To paint, he wrapped theoretical account around his gnarled fingers while clamping a paintbrush between the thumb and first of his right hand, appearing gaunt and emaciated. But he still painted for hours because if he quit, the pain may actually destroy him. The art display Renoir in the 20th Century Los Angeles County Museum of Art demonstrates how far Renoir had come artistically toward the end of his l ife. sooner of Bad Renoir art in his later years, it was the best he had ever done with a glowing to his skin tone other artists could not manage with. Becoming more and more of an art master who was dedicated to his work helped him overcome his physical pain. Through this, he worked to re-develop and refine the traditional forms and methods into an exquisite art form he had always preferred. Nowhere is this success more apparent than in the art exhibit of Renoir and his friends.

Consumer Behavior on Furniture

As the economic conditions Is tough and challenging In recent years. Cost of living Is increasing, especially for those tonic home starters, Like saucily couples, families with virgin-born member, or moving out of p bents home. For the general new home starter, money terms and financial issue is a big concern on their casual life. The need and purchase of furniture would be an inevitable process as they need to start building up and furnishing their new home. They would opt for products that offer the benefits of respectable living standard, but without sacrifice too much of their earning or income.In the situation and target group we focus on in this analysis, kea and Preterit would be more managely be the choice to be made In the final decision. Purchasing off-the-shelf product, rather then tailor-made, good node entertain and affordable value are a few major criteria In such(prenominal) case. However consumers would wee-wee distinguishable consideration for their deci sion depending on their separate factors. From having the wants and demand to the step of making purchase decision and consumption. There are deferent factors that would influence and affect the consumer decision.There are two sources that influence grease ones palmsing expression. The graduation one is formal sources which are kind of hygienic-planned and paid sources. The second source is informal, which is kind of a not pre planned and non-paid sources like family, informal sources, social shape and culture etc. Marketing Efforts overlap kea offer product with Sfannydinavian throw and realiseive appearance, kea provide materials to suit the many different needs and precise preference. The large catalogue of choice in products maximize the chance of finding products to your needs.Preterit offer very generic vitrine of product that arrange the basic practical and functions. Preterit have few numbers of choices in each category, if you have well-nigh very specific prefer ence, it talent be secure to match your exact want and desire. Promotion Both kea and Preterit have utilized web page, social media and also sales promotion to attract guests. KEA have a strong buzz each year, promote using television advertisement, often using humor that create buzz and move back rate. Preterit focusing on adverting in newspapers, and leaflet with coupons.Also PIP memberships as a loyalty programmer that encourage reprize purchase. Price Both KEA and Preterit has assemble affordable price for their product that attract many customer and purchase. Also note that since the products KEA offer are unique and with brand, customer are more Justified if they are constituteing a dapple more. However Products that Preterit offer are more generic and very uniform, customer ability switch to other(a) brand with similar product offered by a lower price supplier, so that Preterit have to compete with price or otherwise provide products with better perceived value and customer benefits.Place Preterit which has almost 30 retails covered in Hong Kong, when compared to KEA which has only 3 stores in Hong Kong but a larger comprehensive stores. The slightly remote distance and limited distribution channel might be a bit pull back if you are a busy person or if you only want to make small quantity purchases. But if the customer would like to buy a range of product or simply enjoy the shopping experience of KEA. This desire will become a driving index strong enough to stimulate the action of visit and purchase. Family Family is a basic concept in society.The main structure of family is married couple, nuclear family and extended family. Besides, single-parent family and widowed family are included as well. Consumer can be easily influenced by parents, siblings, and relatives based on their past experience. Nuclear family and extended family may prefer to buy from Preterit. The perception from Preterit is classic excogitation, fair quality, and read y-made model. KEA provide Scandinavian design with good quality and flexible combination as well as wide range of color for selection which reinforce the motivation of married couple to buy from them.Informal sources Informal sources are basically unpaid and unplanned. The mind leader could be our tremblers, neighbors, colleagues, teachers, and idols. Nowadays, it is quite common to ask opinion leader about the brand and product before consumer make the decision of purchase. Preterit and KEA, he will ask opinion leaders and the comments from opinion leaders will influence consumers behavior. Other non-commercial sources Other non-commercial sources including different types of social media and editorial content are unpaid.Consumer can compare Preterit and KEA products by browsing following sources Editorial content from newspapers, magazines Blob, Forum Photo sharing websites Brand community neglect and promotion websites TV Programs Social class Social class has its own characte ristic of values, attitudes and behavior that distinguish the member of various social classes, see to a lower place diagram In terms of income, lower middle class consumers only can afford lower price products from Preterit because of limited budget.Middle class consumers have sufficient money to spend on KEA products which can reinforce their self-image and taste. Culture and Subculture Culture is shared, defineed, symbolic system of values, beliefs and attitudes that form and influences perception and behavior. It is learned finished transmitted from enervation to generation, which included Formal learning from parents and siblings Informal learning, such as teachers and idols Technical learning, such as school and professional institute Product preference and brand loyalty always influence from one generation to another.For example, parents will bring along their kids to KEA for shopping because they enjoy shopping in KEA with different products for selection and even kids ca n select kids furniture for themselves. The positive brand image begins in early childhood and extends throughout a persons entire life. On the other hand, subculture is a group of people share similar beliefs, values, and common experiences. Subculture group can be differentiated by age, ethnic, unearthly Consumer Decision Making In decision making process, more than one alternative must be available, even decide not to buy.We focus on new couples how they make buying decision on -bed. Input As we discussed previous in external influence, furniture companys merchandising strategy (APS) influence new couples perception, attitudes and teach them to learn or change their attitudes towards their products. These marketing strategies can hang societys existing code of behavior, culture or subculture is likely to affect how and what consumers purchase in long term if successful. Need Recognition When new couple move out from their parents, even rent or buy a new house, they perceive a ne ed to buy new furniture.Two different problem recognition styles genuine state types & desired state types are described on our case. veritable state types, they recognize double size bed is needed. Desired state types, they already have double size bed but desire new design attractive bed, e. G. Princess bed. Purchases Search New couple usually hunting their memory first, browsing internet, go to shopping and they may engage in across-the-board search of outside if no experience. Evaluation of Alternatives Evoke set come to their mind such as KEA, Preterit and so on.These evoke set might be influenced by their parents that used before and acceptable. They have already established the basic criteria for evaluation, but not completely established preferred among the choice of brands, than they search for additional brand information. Three specific level of consumer decision making limited problem solving are examined. When new couple evaluating those brands, they based on thei r perceived quality of Perceived risk associated with the brand, e. G.Consumer may not handle self- assembly furniture by themselves after evaluation, and also information costs salve with that brand, e. G. KEA only 3 stores, time consuming to visit and too far away from their home. While the couples collecting information about evoked set brands, two decision rules in their mind compensatory and uncompensated decision rules. Compensatory decision rules, they evaluate those brands similar attributes and weighted it, than make a ranking. For example, the size of bed of KEA and Preterit are also fit for their home, they Just weight the price between brands.Uncompensated decision rules when couples evaluate such size of bed exceed, they will clear that brand. They may make decision to postpone or withdrawal from purchasing after shopping if they cannot find a suitable bed. Psychological Field demand As we know that consumer needs is the essence of marketing concept. However each co nsumer have their vary needs and wants depending on the culture environment and affection. Therefore separate are triggered by motivation that drive their individual action.Apart from the primary perspective of having the physical product and its function of furniture that serve the generic goals, in addition, thither are also acquired needs. Some might want to have a bit more comfort, safety, reliability for the protection of young kids at home. Some might have the affection and would love to have a warm and pleasant interior and environment so that they can provide a coos atmosphere for their friend and relative when visit, to fulfill the social needs The motives and needs can have positive and negative directions that impel positive rives and negative drives.In most situation for the consumer, it is for the most part driven by positive motives, for examples, KEA has always inject and project the warm and happy home environment and scene in their promotional materials such as ca talogue and advertisement which create a positive desire for consumer to dream of and the need and want of having the pleasant home using the KEA furniture product. Associate the warm and pleasant image with the brand KEA. Motivation can have the bi-direction of positive and negative, it can also be distinguish into rational motives and activated motives.There are certain types of consumers who would be apparently acting with viewing the amount of benefit they can get from the product related to the cost spent. On the other hand, there are certain type of consumer who would act with emotional motives and subjective ideas. The motives can be aroused by the mood of the showroom or the mien and trend on design style, color and material used. Perception Perception is more about the subjective of how people think about it rather than the actual objective fact of what it is.The dynamic of perception consists of the aspect of Selection Organization and Interpretation altogether composes a meaningful coherent picture from individual. Perception can be developed and influenced by advertising and promotion as well as other marketing mix that intended for the positioning. For instance, each year KEA has a new shooting of low-price featured ad shown on television. Using the televisions advertisement media has the advantage of reaching the mass, but catching the audience attention in the clutter is a challenge.Kea has use many witty ideas and humor to catch attention and convey the message of low- price, the use of dramatic visual and theme, overdraw facial expression, music, mound and motion with the contrast color, figure and ground, bold size fonts, helps to catch attention in order to promote the message. The same applied on the Kea catalogue and in-store poster, using sharp, bright color and big bold fonts on the minimal background, simply spell out the message in a clear way and to catch attention in a glance.Also, the imagery used in the catalogue are in pleasant color and finespun tone, some images will also include models / actors of kids playing happily or family and friends lying back comfortable on couch, creating a warm and sweet life and lead to the nonuser to grouping and associate Kea brand and product with sweet and comfortable home in a positive way. TV ad that travel for only seconds is very limited, message have to be brief and sharp, it is smart to leave a open-ended closure that the catalogue is out now, to let the consumer to resolution and find out more from the catalogue by mail, in-store or online.Personality Personality defined as the inner psychological characteristic determine and reflect Consumer who rent KEA need to adopt this new idea and practice that they need to get very involved when purchase KEA product. Consumer who has high consumer innovativeness and low in dogmatism are more likely to accept KEA. Many of the KEA products allow consumer created and DID to suit their personal need, letting consumer to h ave some involvement. So to some extended consumer who choose KEA has the need for uniqueness, and willing to have some involvement with the high optimum stimulate level.KEA furniture emphasized on design and attracted too many customers who with style conscious, featured many pictorial, nicely photographed visual images on catalogue and other promotional materials. These will be appealing to visualizes type f consumer which should be appropriate for the intended target customer as they position their product / furniture tends to be more like a chichi product than a technical product. Attitude A learned predisposition always influences their attitudes toward or avoids the object.Transcription attitude model consists of cognitive, affective and connotative components, consumers perceive and learn about companys products such as a stylish and self-assembly of Kikes products, price competitive and assembled products of Preterits products, consumers evaluate those particular products & services attributes, form a preference and intent to buy. KEA has provided customized, DID, Nordic stylish & self-assembly products, and Preterit provided a localized design, assembled products. Those specific brands product features is influence consumer attitude, both perform attitude-toward-object model.For examples, KEA illustrate FAX pressings features, consumers can customize their individual need with huge range accessories to create their dreams wardrobes. Muff can be based on space, budget, amount of clothing and home-style to create an type wardrobe consumers evaluate the wardrobes functions, what and how it can provide and belief the wardrobes can satisfy their need. Attitudes are also influence by companys marketing strategy, a societal marketing strategy of KEA people & plant which influence consumers attitudes towards their brand, attitude-toward-the-ad model is examined.TV ads, Backbone, APS provide an important source to influence consumers personal experiences, fa mily and friends. These marketing strategies can change consumers attitudes due a brands is in conflict with consumer attitude. For aforesaid example, an environmentally-oriented People & Planet Positive strategy, their attitude may change toward to KEA, Resolving woo conflicting attitudes is examined. Advertisements with product specification, real life scenario presented in catalogues which changing the basic motivational function in KEA catalogs.Learning Advertising promotional videos, price & store displays are cues of KEA, Preterit to stimuli consumers motives directly, consumers responded to surfing their websites they looking for or go to the shops to look around displayed furniture & price. If consumer is rewarded, they learned to associate the purchase with a pleasant feeling and are likely to repeat the learned behavior and become a loyal customer. For instant, KEA store displayed in real life scenario which may serve as a cue for consumers, and constitute their repartee that they consider ready to buy.Reinforcement increases the likelihood that specific solvent will occur in the future as the result of particular cues. KEA, Preterit are well-know and lucky brand, according to classical conditioning theory, KEA, Preterit are an unconditioned stimulus, the unconditional response is consumer perception, KEA implies that the products are stylish, Preterit implies that the products are practice and popular, conditioned response would be consumer ring their furniture because of the belief that they embody which their name is associated.Instrumental conditioning is examine while consumer learn, for example, stores carry the wardrobes they prefer at prices they can afford to pay by shopping a number of stores (KEA, Preterit, DISC, etc. ), one they find KEA wardrobe meets their needs, they are likely to make decision to buy. While consumer is satisfied, they are more likely to repeat buying furniture at KEA, KEA store loyalty is reinforced. To reinforce t he behavior, KEA perform a positive reenforcement by repeating design better home & low price messages.By assuring customer satisfaction with their products, the service & buying experience. For examples, KEA business provides home design service a close personalized relationship with customers is also another form of nonproductive reinforcement. A systematic reinforcement encourage customer to repeat purchase, consumer receive their cash coupons after they brought a certain amount. Output When couple find a brand product such as KEA wardrobe fit their need, they decide to purchase. After they used, they evaluate the wardrobes performance, a postprocessor evaluation is perform. A positive discrimination is when the

Does Oedipus fall due to fate or due to flaw of his character Essay

In the play, Oedipus the King, it was portrayed that Oedipus, the main protagonist, was destined to slay his father and go to bed with his mother as foreseen by the Oracle of Delphi. Although Oedipus did unknowingly kill his own father, Laius, and marry and slept with his own mother, Jocasta, it was the flaws in his character and attitude, and not fate entirely that led to his downfall. In short, even though he was fated to do what he did in the story, he had the option to avoid that fate. However, his very nature prevented him from doing so.In the story, Oedipus was illustrated as a wise and very good ruler. He was sympathetic and compassionate towards his people. However, like most classical Greek tragic heroes, Oedipus also has flaws that eventually led to his downfall. Possibly his most famed flaws include his impulsiveness, rashness, self-command, and his tendency to make lapses or errors in judgment. These flaws were shown in several parts of the play, particularly during th e time when he was in the process of discovering the truth closely his past.When he recounts to his wife and mother, Jocasta, how he killed a group of travelers, one of which was later revealed to be his biological father, Laius, on a crossroad, Oedipus showed that he is highly capable of macrocosm rash and short-tempered. Although he was merely defending himself, he could pose simply run away and avoided killing the travelers. By doing so, he could have avoided killing his trustworthy father while also disproving the prophecy of the Oracle of Delphi.It was also during this scene in the play that Oedipus was portrayed as a man who moves greatly establish on impulse and does not think first before acting. Moreover, his rashness was also shown when Tiresias, the blind oracle, refused to tell Oedipus of the truth about the murderer of Laius. Although the prophet warned him that the truth would be bring him only pain and suffering, Oedipus still insisted and even threatened to acc use him of the murdering the fallen king himself.This forces Tiresias to reveal that it was Oedipus who killed Laius. Due to his short-temper, he accused the prophet of conspiring against him, which further showed how foolish he was. In addition, this also showed how blind Oedipus was because even though the truth was already being presented to him, he still refused to acknowledge it. Furthermore, it was his stubbornness and his desire to seek the truth that eventually led to his downfall.When he was still prince of the kingdom of Corinth, he overheard in a banquet that he was not the dependable child of the king and queen. He immediately sought the truth from the Oracle of Delphi, who simply told him that he would murder his own father and sleep with his own mother. This hale him to flee his home and it was during this time that he met the group of travelers whom he would all kill. After some time, he saved the kingdom of Thebes from the curse of the Sphinx by say its riddle.Thi s led to this coronation as the king of Thebes and also led to his marriage to Jocasta, whom he did not know to be his biological mother at the time. Finally, when he became king he then sought out to find the murderer of Laius, which set forth the chain of events that brought about his downfall. In other words, in his animated desire to seek the truth and avoid his fate, Oedipus became blinded and unwittingly fulfilled the prophecy of the oracle.Had he not left Corinth, he most probably would have not fulfilled the prophecy and avoided his doomed fate. In short, although it appeared that Oedipus was destined to fall, it was his very nature and lapses in judgment that sparked consequences which, he was not initially aware of. Moreover, it was his fatal flaws such as his arrogance and impulsiveness led him to kills his own father and marry his own mother. It can then be deduced that fate was greatly assisted by Oedipus nature and actions and did not act on its own.

I will Design and Carry Out my PEP on the Basis of me Being a Football Player Essay

I volitioning design and carry come forth my PEP on the basis of me being a hindquartersb entirely player. I am 14 historic period and 6 months old and suffer been playing foot orchis since about the age of 5. I enjoy the game and I am quite a unspoilt at it. Although I am quite good I would like to train to become better at the sport and increase my general fitness level. I am generally fit but there is definitely room for breakment and I forget look to do so.When I leave school I plan to join the British Army so I would like to become fit so that I arse fulfil my plans.Over the 6 weeks that I carry out the training regime I go out give it 100% and actually try to improve my fitness and footballing skills. I want to make the best of my ability at football so I can enjoy what I do and hopefully it ordain benefit the Sunday league club that I play for.I play for Aspull Juniors. I have done so for 5 years now and enjoy playing for the team. I play in the centre of midfi eld and play in much of a defensive role. This position allows me to land upue a lot of feat in and influence the game. I am a good tackler of the ball and can pass good as well. For the job that I do on the football pitch I need to have a good stamina (so I can cope with the demands of the football math), good flexibility (so I dont stint my ponderositys when making tackles), good balance (to pass the ball and make vital tackles), strength (to out muscle opponents and kick the ball far), speed (to get to the ball speedy than the opponent), and good reaction time (this is so I can react to the ball quicker than an opponent.) My PEP should help me to improve all of these skills and as a result I will become a better football player.I have never suffered any long-term injuries of any kind and have no recurring injuries.Other sports that I enjoy to do ar fishing, golf, tennis and prorogue tennis. Although I do none of these sports competitively I am interested in them and have done for fun.PEPFor my PEP I will subprogram a pyramid school term to gradually increase my fitness during the 6 weeks. I will use a badminton court as my guide and range that double the length of the court is equal to one length. I will increase the lengths as the program furtherancees to have an clog required to increase my fitness. I chose a pyramid seance because I feel it is the most reliable way of increasing my fitness. Also I know that it will be easier to create an overload in either the amount of lengths or exercises that I do if I use a pyramid session. From when I have used this session in the past I have found that it always gives me a good workout and can be used to good effect.I will start and submit my PEP over the weeks using the FITT principal. I will increase the frequency by doing more(prenominal) exercises and by doing more running more often. I will increase the intensity by increasing the amount of exercise that will be done. I will do this by adding more lengths onto my pyramid session and more exercise in amongst. I will increase the time by putting more time into the exercises in between runs. The type will also be changed. I will change the fitness test that I will do after the pyramid sessions apiece week.The PEP that I have designed is one that I think will improve my overall fitness the most and also improve the skills that I need as a football player. It will start with a 5 minute correct. This jog will fond(p) up my muscles so that they ar non too stiff to stretch otherwise I will increase the chances of a ripped or torn muscle. later on the jog I will move on to my stretches. They will be thoroughly carried out so not to allow any muscle injury whatsoever can occur. The stretches are one of the most important parts of the PEP and must be done with care and thought. If these are not done correctly than I will run the chance of pulling or tearing a muscle.The benefit Session starts by running the maximum amount o f lengths you are wishing to do and whence gradually working your way down until there are no more lengths to complete. In between lengths you are required to do exercises. For example, if I was planning to do 16 lengths I would do 16 lengths because a chosen exercise. After the exercise you then do 15 lengths then the exercise, then 14 lengths then a exercise and so on until there are no more lengths to complete.This pyramid Session will progress throughout the 6 weeks of the PEP. Week 1 I will be doing 10 lengths, Week 2 and 3 I will be doing 12 lengths, Week 4 and 5 I will do 14 lengths and for the final week I will do 16 lengths. As the weeks progress an overload is created which will help me improve my fitness.The Warm UpFor my warm up I will be doing a 5 minute jog around the All Weather pitch. The warm up is to warm the muscles up before stretching so I do not pull a muscle. I will time myself and be sure not to strain myself as this too could result in a pulled muscle if n ot careful.The level Exercises Squats, Burpees, Switch Overs, Star JumpsThese exercises will build up my leg muscles and allow me to put more power into a shot or long pass. These exercises will build up the strength and power in my legs and will allow me to hit a ball further and this will improve my skill as a football player. I have done more leg exercises than arm and remains exercises because I feel that my legs are needed more on a football pitch.The Body Exercises Sit Ups, CrunchesThe torso exercises that I will do will allow me to build up my nitty-gritty body muscles and will help me to become stronger and flexible in that area. This will help me when I play football because I will be able to adjust the middle part of my body easier and this will help me when I am playing.The Arm Exercises Bench Press, Press UpsBy doing these arm exercises it will improve my upper body strength and this will make it easier to shrug off opponents when challenging for a ball in a game. The exercises will build up the muscles in my arm and this can help when taking a sky-in.The Cool DownFor the cool down I will do a light jog and then stretch. The cool down is to hamper lactic acid from vextling in the muscles and producing cramps. This is just as important as the warm up and is needed to prevent injury after the PEP.StretchesHamstring- I would sit on the ground then bend over front wards and touch the top of my shin, I would hold this for 10 seconds. Then I would sit up rest and then bend over front wards again only this time touching the toes rather than the shin.Quads- I would stand and balance myself against a wall with one arm then I would grab the left leg bend it backwards so the foot is touching my bum and hold for 10 seconds. Then I would stop rest and change legs.Groin Stretch- I would sit on the ground and put the soles of each foot together in a yoga sort of position. Then slowly put pressure on the inside of each leg to stretch the groin.Upper Arm - Place one arm in front of me and place the other arm underneath the arm that is held out and grab the shoulder. After this change over arms and do exactly the same. Hold each stretch for 10 seconds.Week 1The warm up and the stretches went well and I then began my Pyramid Session. I had planned to do 10 lengths this week. I found that the Pyramid Session worked well. I completed the 10 lengths with ease but the exercises were quite challenging. At the end of all the lengths and exercises I found myself out of breath but I was pleased with the work I had done. I then went out onto the all weather pitch to do a 50 metre sprint. I did the sprint in 8.12 seconds which was a face-to-face best. After the sprint I did a 5 minute jog and then stretched for 5 minutes.EvaluationI was actually pleased with what I did this week but thought that I could cut across more lengths than what I had done. The exercises that I did were quite demanding but I thought they would be easier to handle ne xt week and was facial expression forward to the challenge. I was exceedingly pleased with the speed that I achieved in the 50 metre sprint and although it wasnt a huge amount of time I did beat my personal best.Week 2This week I had set myself 12 lengths to do but I wasnt particularly worried about the task ahead. I started off with the 5 minute jog and a thorough stretch and then I began my Pyramid Session. The session went well again this week. Similar to delay week I found that the exercises were again quite tough and challenging but the lengths were completed without much difficulty. After the Pyramid Session this week, I had set my self the throw/catch ball test. This was not physically challenging but I had to concentrate to get the 35 score that I got. This was not the best score I had ever had but I was pleased with the result.EvaluationI was again pleased with this week. The increase in lengths never really affected my performance this week. They were more challenging th an the previous week but never caused a major chore throughout the session. The throw/catch ball test that I did was more about finding a rhythm and concentrating rather than a physical test.Week 3After the initial warm up and stretch I moved onto another week of the 12 length Pyramid Session. This week it again never caused a huge worry but I was still tired towards the end of the session. The exercises still caused similar problems as they did in the first week and were tiring. It was this week when I began to feel an value in my fitness. After I completed the Pyramid Session I then went and did the muscular endurance test in the hotel foyer. My previous best at this test was 100 seconds but this week I nearly doubled that score with 190 seconds. I was extremely pleased with this result. At the end of the session I did a 10 minute cool down.EvaluationI found that the 12 lengths didnt pose too much of a problem for me this week and I was looking forward to the challenge of 14 le ngths next week. I think that the exercises again provided a challenge for me and I began to feel the rise in my fitness. I was extremely pleased with the score I achieved in the muscular endurance test. I think that I did well this week and was looking forward to the next few weeks ahead.Week 4Due to a Dentist appointment I was unable to complete the regime at school. As a result I set up a training course on a football field behind my house and carried out my session to the best of my ability taking the environment and lack of equipment into condition. I worked hard for 1 hour and was pleased with the workout I had.Week 5This week was my first attempt in school of attempting the 14 lengths I had set. Firstly, I did the warm up and stretches then got started with the Pyramid Session. It began like the others had but towards the end I found that this session was a lot more tiring than the previous weeks. At the end my legs were aching and I was really tired. I had created the overl oad and felt the affect. Although I was tired I was pleased with the task I had done and was looking to the week ahead.The test this week was a standing capacious jump. I managed to get a score of 1 metre 52 centimetres. I was quite pleased with the score although it was not a personal best. After the test I went outside where I did a 5 minute jog and stretched off to avoid cramped muscles.EvaluationI was pleased with the effort that I put in today and could feel a definite improvement in my fitness. I thought that 14 lengths were very challenging and on with the leg, arm and middle body exercises produced a Pyramid Session which would challenge me.The standing broad jump that I did was not spectacular but I was pleased with the result.Week 6For this week I was supposed to do 16 lengths, but because I missed week 4 I opinionated that I would carry on with 14 lengths. I went outside and did the warm up followed by the stretches then went inside to carry out the Pyramid Session. Th e 14 lengths were challenging but I felt an improvement in my fitness and they were easier to complete than the lengths last week. The test for my final week was a repeat of the throw/catch ball test. I carried it out in the Sports Hall and beat the score I had gotten previously. I got a score of 33, beating the score of week 2 and equalling my personal best.EvaluationI was pleased with the work that I had done in my final week. I found that the 14 lengths in the Pyramid Session were easier to complete than the previous week. I was pleased with the level of my fitness and was pleased with the score I achieved in the throw/catch ball test. closing EvaluationThroughout my PEP I have seen my overall fitness gradually increase from week to week. I would definitely say the regime has been a success and recommend it to people wishing to improve their fitness. The Pyramid Session provides a challenge from week to week and the exercises between the lengths make it a very demanding regime. I was pleased with the work that the exercises did and at the end of the 6 week program saw an improvement in my leg muscles, middle and upper body strength. I am extremely pleased with the improvement and success that the PEP has had.

He Written Articles Essay

Loud speech. Bravado, boasting. Overly animated or entertaining. Boisterous. Overly friendly to other guests and employees. Drinking alone. Drinking as well fast. Ordering doubles. Careless with money. Urging other people to have another swallow. Annoying other guests and servers. Complaining about drink prices. Complaining about drink strength or preparation. Argumentative. Aggressive or belligerent. Obnoxious or mean. Making inappropriate comments about others. Crude behavior.Inappropriate sexual advances. Foul language. Making ill-considered statements. Depressed or sullen. Crying or moody. Radical changes in behavior. Speaking loudly, then quietly. Drowsy. Bloodshot, glassy eyes. Slurred speech. Difficulty remembering. Slow response to questions. Spilling drinks. Rambling conversation, issue of train of thought. Trouble making change. Difficulty handling money, picking up change. Lack of focus and eye contact. Difficulty lighting a cigarette.Lighting much than one cigarette a t a time. Letting a cigarette burn without smoking. Clumsy, uncoordinated. Difficulty standing up. Unusual gait. Stumbling. Bumping into things. Swaying, staggering. Unable to sit straight in chair or on bar stool. Cant find mouth with glass. Falling down. Mussed hair. Disheveled clothing. Falling asleep. Remember, just because a person exhibits one, or even several, of these signs it does not necessarily mean that the person is intoxicated.A sober person may exhibit some of these signs as well which makes determining poisoning even more difficult. However, if a person who is drinking alcohol shows a combination of several of these signs and/or exhibits significant change(s) in behavior, the likelihood of that person macrocosm intoxicated is increased. Ultimately, you must use your own judgment to decide whether or not a person is intoxicated. These signs are intended to help you make an informed judgment, and then articulate your decision.

Literary arguement

Good writers write nigh life and someone living it, while keen writers write about living itself and a living out a struggle that not only captures one person, but it also captures the soul of having a struggle in habitual. Although spirit level of The orb According to Garp has received its fair share rant and rave reviews by the judging public, what makes this book a imwork forcese read is that it gives us something to talk about. Its so powerful, that you only either hate it or love it. The storyline is so compelling, that it will youre your eye into looking to a greater extent in the problems not only in the characters of the story, but also the struggle that we face in general. May it be in struggles of classes, or gender and most importantly, fighting for your rights.In the story of the The World According to Garp, from the very opening of this novel, it was pretty evident that the story was not for the weak of heart. It was unambiguous that the novel was to be dealing wi th the harsh realities of life that will really grip your attention, not only because of the drama but more importantly because the story depicts something that we see in the streets and sometimes even our lives itself. What can we read in the novel that is so gripping that it has caused a craze in its time of tire? The answer is struggle. From the very beginningThis was shortly after the Japanese had bombed Pearl Harbor and the people were being tolerant of soldiers, because suddenly everyone was a soldier, but jennet Fields was quite firm in her intolerance of the behavior of men in general an soldiers in particular. (Iriving 1976, page1)The story revolves around exactly this how men, in general was a threat to women alike(p) Jenny. Unfortunately, in the harsh tenders presented in the book, very few women were empowered to fight against abuses of men. Predictably, like most novels, women were once again depicted as victims and the men were the antagonists whom inflicted pain and suffering to women usances in this novel. What sets this story of story apart though is the level of stress the author took in the brutalization of shake as one of the major sources of oppression for women.Irving has been known to write about this topic not only in this novel, but also in his other works like the The Hotel New Hamshire. Irving has been notorious about putting stress in this issue that a number of book reviews coming from columnists like Doane and Hodges notices that Irving views a great strength in male power and he not only sees it as a day to day occurrence, but more importantly, that he found it as one of the things that are inevitable in the present day scenario. In the perfect words, he explained how he viewed brutalization of energize in The World According to GarpWe are all terminal cases. Imagining something is better than remembering something. In this dirty-minded world, you are either somebodys wife or somebodys cyprian or fast on your way to bec oming one or the other. Between men and women, only death is shared equally. Lust makes the best men behave out of character.In this statement, Irving caught perfectly in words how the scenario is with women and their battle against any abuse coming from the opposite sex. He capture the scenario its utmost reality to the core of why it was considered as one of the inevitable battles known to women. He dared say what was lying right under our noses but refuse to talk about, human nature at its utmost real and brutal sense. I guess to a certain extent, he had to do it to stress a lay, someone had to point a finger to that problem for people to start facing the possibility of finding a solution to how men generally treat women.Even though some feminists responded to his novel with great retaliation to how he depicted women in his novel, what most feminists failed to notice was that his intentions in painting color to brutalization in sex into his novels was intended not to put down wo men to accept such roles, but rather to fight it. Unlike most authors who make women roles the typical traditional roles that buffet up women to be submissive and weak, Irvings intention of writing about women in that light was to point out a problem that women face to go up up with the end result of inspiring readers to do something about it.He took a mans role and a womans role and torn all its clothes out to the point where in it was completely naked for us to pick on what was wrong with the picture that we have perpetually been presented to but never really had a chance to look at. If you ask me, I think no author has ever done that solely for the primer of having people get the wrong impression of what he was trying to say.Its a pity that very few try this tactic, coz you know if you have a great novel in your hand if your only allowed to have two of the varying reactions to reading it you either hate it or love it. Why is this so? Because in the two varying ends of the pol e, the book achieved what its authors intention was to begin with stir your emotions and strike a chord.As for Irvings finishing in stressing a point in exposing brutalization in sex in his novel, I think he pretty much achieved it by simply stirring an outburst of public opinion in the feminist movement. Even though the general reaction to the context of his novel may initially be bad for women in the feminist movement, eventually true colors came up to float and women now realize the real point of Irvings writing about how painful it is to be a woman. On the contrary, by showing womens weaknesses in his novel, he achieved the exact opposite by illustrating how strong women are by coping with it, this is pretty evident in the story and characters of the women in the novel, especially JennyReferencesIrving, J., Mc Caferrey, L. 1982, An interview with John Irving, ContemporaryLiterature 23, no. 1, winter, pp.1-18.Irving J., The World according to Garp online 1996, Availablehttp//cqu .edu.Au/arts/humanities/listud/naff/naff7irving.html2007, October 17Larson J., The World According to Garp and The Hotel Hampshire online 2005,available http//epubl.ltu.se/1402-1773/2005/090/LTU-CUPP-05090-SE.pdf 2007, October 17

Customs and Traditions of India Essay

Nearly every country in the world possesses some seduce of religion. With religion comes the choose for plurality to express their beliefs. practically times, these expressions be seen as religious tradition and traditions. Along with these religious custom-mades and traditions, most countries also posses usance and traditions practiced by even the average non-religious citizen. These customs can be enormous milest one and only(a)s in the lives of young-adults, or something as simple as shaking someones hand. Everything from a childs prototypal day at school to a newlywed couples inauguration is famed through rituals and practices.Many of these traditions have been around for thousands of years. With religion came traditions and rituals and practices. A few examples of these traditions include Datar. Datar is the welcoming of the bride into the position of the groom by the groom and his family. This practice is seen as sacred and as a necessity. It is believed that if the ritual is non done right or not done at all, then the family is doomed to fail. (IndiaNetzone) Another, less prodigious tradition, Upanayan, is the day that a male child begins his education.An interesting fact about Indian ending is that they unflurried use the caste system and galore(postnominal) traditions are open only to the top three castes Brahmin, Kshatriya, and Vaishyas. Upanyan is one of those traditions. (Freshroads) Another vital part of India culture is unceasingly giving. Giving is seen as the ultimate kindness and in India culture, should be practiced by everyone. Danam is the Indian tradition of giving haves to one another. Upanayan, The marriage ceremony expound above, is a time where Danam is practiced constantly.The bride gives represents to the groom and groom to the bride. These gifts can range from gold to coconuts to cows. No gift is seen as the clothes from grandma for Christmas. In the final ten days of someones life, they are devoted many gifts w hich are believed to help them cross the afterlife dimensions and get to heaven. In fact the gift of a cow is believed to help souls of the deceased across a river in the dimensions before heaven. (IndiaNetzone) It seems as though there are many traditions, but how many people practice these traditions?According to the 2002 census of India, virtually eighty percent of Indians practice Hinduism. This means that of the 1. 2 billion people that live there, about 960 billion people practice these customs and traditions. That is pretty amazing considering the amount of gifts there must be given daily. With over one hundred perhaps 2 hundred traditions practiced by almost every India at some point in their life, this means that there are more traditions practiced in a lifetime than there are people in the world.Also, if every Indian practices Namaskara, the Indian form of salutation, around 3-5 times daily, in just eight hours, approximately, there have been more Namaskaras than people in the world. (HowStuffWorks) Christianity has over double the number of followers than Hinduism. Although this data makes Hinduism seem puny compared to other religions, many of the traditions and customs are very similar to those of other religions including Christianity. And many of the non-religious customs are very similar to many of those of the American culture as well. In Indian culture, it is seen as respectful to salute to others.Namaskara is the salutation of India. Namaskara is two people, bringing their hands together while bowing their heads and bringing their hands towards their heart and bowed forehead. This custom almost resembles the handshake of American culture. As stated before, people on their deathbed are given gifts. In American culture, flowers are brought to that soulfulnesss bedside and cards are often sent wishing that person good will. In Indian culture, the first day of school is seen as a special day. In American culture, the first day of school can be very exciting, and often times emotional.In America, the family members of the deceased decide whether to burry or cremate the deceased. In India, the dead are almost always cremated. This is because Indians believe that cremating the body of the deceased grants easier access to heaven by releasing the soul from the body. In Indian culture, there are almost always arranged weddings. Unlike India, weddings are consensual in the American culture, not to say that Indian weddings are not consensual, but, American weddings are between two people who have know each other prior to being married.In India, this is not always the case. Often times the bride and groom have never met until their wedding day. This is why Upanyan is such an important time for newly-weds, this is their first time, and their families first time, meeting the person they married. (IndiaNetzone) Although comparisons are not often made between American and Indian culture, once you see just how closely the cultures r esemble each other, it gives you a different point of slew on the two cultures and their similarities and differences.When you take a adjacent look, you really see the differences, and similarities, between the American culture and the Indian culture. The India culture is very interesting and full of many amazing and almost insane customs and traditions. There are many traditions and customs, and even more people that practice them. When you take a closer look, you see the similarities between the cultures of the United States and India. Whether theyre religious customs or non-religious customs, they are fascinating. Whether its a persons death, or, birth, theres a tradition for the occasion.

Noetic Structure Essay

View and take notes on the presentation, An Overview of Issues in Contemporary Justification, Part 1.What ar 3 characteristics of a souls noetic structure? The sum total of everything that person look atsIt recognizes the differing degress of evidence, firmness, and conviction with which people comport their whimsys. Characterized by how beliefs argon related together.Explain coherentism and the 3 problems with it.Coherentism All beliefs f every(prenominal) into one category. No beliefs are more foundational than the others. difficultysCircularity How do I justify my belief in P? It coheres with Q. Isolation Problem Coherentism isolates my beliefs from the external world. Plurality It is possible to guard 2 coherent systems that are licitly incompatible.Read chapter 4 of Epistemology Becoming Intellectually Virtuous, Foundationalism. As you do, consider the following questions and pointsWhat is the root idea of foundationalism?Each of us holds a set of beliefs basically or i mmediately while we hold other beliefs non basically or mediately. wherefore would one adopt a foundationalist approach to justification? Because they are epistemic engies of our noetic structures, imparting to all of our non-basic beliefs, while not themselves requiring justification from any other beliefs this support goes just one way. What is the regress line of credit?Taking for granted the general dependableness of your conscious faculties, and indeed moldiness take them for granted. What are the 3 basic components of foundationalism?Basic or immediate beliefs- Form the bedrock of what all we believeundergirding everything else we are reassert in believing. Mediate or non-basic beliefs- Everything else we believeBasing Relation- Specifies how the epistemic merit of our basic beliefs is to be transferred to out non-basic beliefs. What are the characteristics of strong foundationalism? Specifically rationalize The 3 conditions for a basic belief.Must be self- clearly genu ine those we see to be true immediately, without the benefit of deliberation or competition, merely when we insure the term of the adduce in question. Must be Incorrigible The belief in question is one that is impossible to believe and be mistaken about. Evident to the SensesThe means by which basic beliefs support non-basic beliefs.Entailment is the only logical relation that preserves certainty. If one starts with self-evidently true starting points and accepts only what bottom of the inning be validly derived from the same, one thereby insures that ones entire set of beliefs is untainted and error free. Four surplus features of foundationalism.One cannot claim to have knowledge simply by asserting that one knows One must be inwardly cognizant that ones claims to knowledge is genuine. One must be vigilant to show that this is the case.What are the main problems with foundationalism? Note This section can be challenging try to understand the main points raised dont be concern ed about all the details move out as a way to understand the following main points ProblemsOnes beliefs in the reliability of ones senses or memory or consciousness none of these beliefs is either self evident or incorrigible or evident to the senses, yet they are held as properly basic by virtually everyone. Any acceptance of supposedly pure and certain basic beliefs makes use of various primer assumptions or information that compromises their certainty and undermines their basicality. Why only these conditions for a basic belief?Claims that foundationalism solves the regress argument fail (thearbitrariness of stopping points). another(prenominal) means of supporting beliefs than just deduction/induction ( best explanation, retroduction, concurrence, etc.). The security system vs. content problem.The strict demands for four unimpeachable certainty leave one with so small a set of basic beliefs that they cant possibly bear the heavy weight of all we believe. Other problems (exce ssive individualism, access requirements, noetic effects of sin). Pg 95What are the confusableities and differences between strong and modest foundationalism? Specifically What is primae facie certainty?Ones foundational beliefs are not necessarily immune to any conceivable doubt they can be overridden but they are perfectly acceptable unless one has a good reason for cerebration they have been undermined. Four of Reids contingent truths.The thoughts of which I am conscience are thoughts of a macrocosm I call myself. Those things really happened which I distinctly remember.Those things really do exist which we distinctly recognize by our senses, and are what we perceive them to be. What is to be will probably be like what has been in similar circumstances. Reids reliabilism of first principles.For our evidence concerning reliability would have to include deliverances of the faculties whose reliability we are accumulating evidence for. On behalf of his foundational principles, they can be correctly identified by their accompanying marks or signs. If someone persists in requesting additional assurances over and above the usual marks accompanying properly based beliefs, then the person holding such beliefs can only respond with genuine bewilderment. Two weaknesses with modest foundationalism.Reid may have underestimated the capacity for thinkers of sound mind and sincere will to disagree about alleged, philosophical first principles. The belief in God can be held in a basic belief.Alvin Plantingas belief in God as properly basic.The belief can be justifiably held in the manner of a first principle, thatis w/out the benefit of argumentative support.TermsMake sure you can explain the following terms and conceptsIndefeasible- Not able to be lost, annulled, or overturned.Retroduction- A king of reasoning from the best explanation. It is reducible neither to induction or deduction. Concurrence- Observations that cumulate in his belief.Necessary First Principles- They are self-evidently justified, being believed merely upon being understood. Must have these. Contingent First Principles- Not self-evidently justified. leechlike upon something. Doxastic Assumption- A theory that a belief is justified if it coheres with other beliefs

Hamlet’s procrastination: a study on his failure to act Essay

juncture is a pass written by William Shakespeare, between the years of 1599 and 1601, under the reign of King James I. The play, set in the kingdom of Denmark, recounts the tragic tale of how Prince crossroads enacts punish on his Uncle Claudius, for murdering his get, (King crossroads), marrying Gertrude, (his widowed mother, King critical points wife), and succeeding to heir of the throne. The tragic flaw, (Hamartia), of the protagonist settlement, is arguably his procrastination in the enactment of his revenge.Throughout the play, Hamlet had many opportunities to avenge his produces death by murdering Claudius moreover, there was always seemed to be something curb him. There are many reasons as to why Hamlet may own delayed the revenge be it the fact that Hamlet feared the consequence of killing, maybe he doubted the speck, it could be that Hamlet didnt ask to blemish his mother, or maybe even the fact that he was a renaissance Prince, and didnt cogitate in violence . Hamlets procrastination can non be proved by either one of these theories, exclusively rather, a complex combination of them all.The around not fit reasons as to why Hamlet delayed in the killing of Claudius are because he doubted the nature of the speck, and the consequence that came with killing another man, and because he did not regard to hurt his mother. Whatever the case, it is quite evident that Hamlet procrastinated the avenging of his fathers death, thereby causing the deaths of Gertrude, Laertes, Polonius, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, and most importantly, himself this procrastination no other factor is refutably Hamlets tragic flaw. At the beginning of the play, the ghost presented itself.No one knew who, or what the ghost wanted. It was Horatio who had to speak to the ghost If thou art privy to thy provinces fate, / Which, happily, foreknowing may avoid, / O, speak / Or if thou hast uphoarded in thy life / Extorted treasure in the uterus of earth, / For which, they say, you spirits oft walk in death, / Speak of it stay, and speak (Shakespeare 1. 1). Hamlet was not sure however who the ghost really was. Following his phantasmal beliefs, Hamlet may concord easily interpreted the ghost as being an evil spirit.To determine whether Claudius was guilty of killing his father, and furthermore clarify the identity of the ghost, Hamlet conducted a play, in which the murder of his father was re-enacted. This play, known as the murder of Gonzago, was directed by Hamlet in which Horatio, would observe the reaction of Claudius. If Claudius would become hesitant, Hamlet would then know, the ghost spoke the truth Ill have grounds / more relative than this the plays the thing / wherein Ill catch the scruples of the king (Shakespeare 2. 2).Horatio observed that Claudius did react hesitantly, and therefore, Hamlet now knew that Claudius was guilty. Hamlet was quite religious. This is seen in the prayer ikon Now might I do it pat, now he is praying /And now Ill dot. And so he goes to heaven / And so am I revenged. That would be scannd / A villain kills my father and for that, / I, his sole son, do this same villain send / To heaven. (Shakespeare 3. 3. 77-82). This quote explains to the audience that Hamlet is very religious he fears the result of killing.If he was to kill Claudius while Claudius himself was praying, Claudius would have been sent to heaven, (as his soul was cleansed), and Hamlet would have been forced to suffer the sin of killing. And finally, the last possible reason was that Hamlet did not want to hurt his mother. Hamlet did not want to upset his mother, especially after the ghost, Hamlets father, warned Hamlet to not hurt her in any way. Hamlet said, will speak daggers to her, / hardly use none (Shakespeare 3. 2). This indicated Hamlets protection to his mother.He spoke to her in an abrupt tone at eons, but neer physically treated her in any such way. Hamlet didnt want to kill Claudius because he didnt want to see his mother suffer a loss of another loved one. Sigmund Freud, a great scholar, goes deeper than this, and explains the situation as, Oedipus Complex. Freud explains that Hamlet is in love with his mother. In Shakespearean time, incest was not publicly acceptable. Claudius was the hardly person that was forcing Hamlet to not have sexual relations with his mother.Hamlet, in his subconscious mind, had a thirst to do exactly what his uncle had done that is, get rid of the husband so that he can have Gertrude for himself. If that is true, Hamlet cannot act because he is fighting against his subconscious he knows he wants something that is entirely evil, and if he were to go through with it, he would be no better than Claudius. Freud continues this analogy with the fact that Hamlet is only able to kill Claudius at the end of the play, because his mother has just died. Therefore, Claudius serves no further purpose, and Hamlet can fare his revenge.Throughout the play, it is quite evident that Hamlets tragic flaw is his procrastination in the avenging of his fathers death. Most scholars tend to agree with the fact that the, Oedipus Complex, seems to be most logical in the description of his procrastination still, some critics believe that Hamlet simply thinks too much. He wants the murder of the King to be perfect. Claudius has to go to hell. The people have to know about the murderer Claudius. Hamlet spends too much time planning and not enough time doing thus, making the Kings murder more confused than other murders he has orchestrated.This procrastination is ultimately responsible for the deaths of most major characters, and the entire outcome of the play. Had Hamlet enacted his revenge at the beginning of the play, the play as a whole would have been un-existent. Not until everybody is dying, including himself, does he realize that he should not have waited so long. He understands the consequences of his delay, and all of his pent-up rage explodes, and he murders the King getting the revenge he was after from the beginning. It seems at this point, however, that it is no revenge at all, but simply the last tragic mistake of lifeless indecision.Works CitedN.A. Why does Hamlet delay the Revenge. http//www.bookrags.com/attempt 2005/11/27/135143/31. Book Rags, 2006. Web. Nov. 2, 2011.N.A. Hamlet. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet. Wikipedia, Nov. 2, 2001. Web. Nov. 2, 2011.

Philippine Science Centrum Essay

Student participants learned experience concepts from the depicts and unitary minute of interaction appeared to have a fruitful learning outcome. Teachers recognized that the exhibits would be expedient to their teaching after trying out the exhibits themselves and were certain the visit would help students in their academic advancement. breeding in an informal context through the exhibits can occur and that visits to the PSC are useful.For more than than 2 decades, the Filipino skill Centrum presently located in Marikina urban center has never ceased in offering new features and exhibits course after year. With its internal capacity in interactive exhibit development and fabrication, the PSC has the luxury of producing customized exhibits with locally-sourced materials.Having a bloodcurdling experience with the Van de Graaff exhibit, mimicking the Matrix Move at the Wonder House, making an illusion of floating in the air at the Anti-Gravity Mirror, experiencing airlessness of the outer space at the Human Gyro, etcare some of the surprise moves one will experience at the skill Centrum. To the more than 3 million visitors composed mostly of students and teachers who were act and got interested in science through PSCs exhibits, their experience leaves an indelible mark in their psyche. Post-visit comments, blogs and crimson press releases attest to the visitors educational and entertaining experience at the Science Centrum.How about the other millions of students, teachers and heap in all walks of life in the countryside, in the provinces and t avouchs, will they be able to experience the amazing science exhibits in their locality? The PhilippineScience Centrum made sure they be given fortune to be edu-tained by the hands-on science modules. As early as 1995, the PSC mobilized its first mobile arrangement, the Adventures in Discovery Traveling Science Centrum (AIDTSC) to bridge the gap of distance and bring the Science Centrum to the regions. The maiden exhibition in Lapulapu City, Mactan Island, Cebu Province was a blockbuster wherein the AID-TSC no longer found its way back to thermionic valve Manila it was bought by the City Mayor to be permanently installed in the city and became the centerpiece of the Lapulapu City Center for Excellence.The PSC replicated the 40 science modules of AID-TSC and continued to visit other towns and provincial capitals. Due to unrelenting requests and yell for month-long exhibitions from various entities in the provinces, the 2nd desexualise, Sci-Fun Caravan was produced and mobilized in 2002.After the successful exhibitions of the 2 mobile exhibitions (from 2002 to 2006) and the assessment that the PSC beneficiaries are larger in numbers at the regions, the PFST Board of Trustees decided to redirect PFST and PSCs resources to alternate and produce 7 sets of mobile exhibitions starting in 2007. It is also targeted to mobilize 9 traveling sets by 2016 wherein 3 sets will be assigned t o each of the three major island-groups of the country 3 in Luzon, 3 in Visayas and 3 in Mindanao.At the moment, the PSC is right on schedule wherein the 3rd set Science on the Move was mobilized in 2007, the 4th set Science Works in 2009, and the fifth set, Science Sparks was completed and mobilized last year.For the 3rd set, the packaging design of pack and go was introduced wherein the main exhibit is boxed to keep it safe when in transit and its cover when inverted serves as the exhibit uprise/platform when in exhibit mode. The 5th set, aptly known as Science Sparks deals on energy, electricity and the environment. The 6th PSC mobile exhibition which focuses on Electronics and Communications is now on the initial manakin of research and development. It is targeted to be completed by the 2nd quarter of 2014. As the number of PSCs traveling sets increase, the number of students and teachers touched by the amazing and exciting world of science also increases.With 5 sets, the bon nie annual attendance is already at 500,000 visitors. This justifies PFST and PSCs thrust of exposing and creating interest in science to more students at a faster pace. From Abra to Samar to Siargao Island and to Lanao del Norte, the mobile exhibitions have already visited 150 towns, provincial cities and capitals with a combined attendance of more than 3.1 million visitors. By 2016, this number istargeted to reach 6 million.Producing the 9 sets of traveling exhibitions is PFSTs top priority but keeping the Science Centrum constantly upgraded with new and exciting interactive exhibits is still a must-do.The Philippine Foundation for Science and engine room (PFST), a non-profit private organization, manages and operates the Philippine Science Centrum and its traveling exhibitions. PFST is recognized by the Department of Education as a vital partner in promoting and developing scientific and analytical thinking among students and promoting quality science education.On the other hand , the Department of Science and Technology recognized the impact of the Philippine Science Centrum by directing its regional offices to install its own Regional Science Centrums. DOST accorded PFST the Outstanding S&T Foundation Award in 1996 and the GAWAD LIDER Award for model(a) Leadership Institution Category in 2007.The Philippine Science Centrum received from the Association of Science and Technology Centers based in USA the 2011 Roy L. Shaper Leading Edge Award for PSCs rapid receipt and recovery during typhoon Ondoy and as an Outstanding Science Center outside of the United States of America.

Capstone Project Finance (Final Project)

Abstract The wish to march on erect or kinsperson holdership has been in the g e trulyplacenments st regularisegic plan since 1934, however, the flowing m hotshottary policies and practices in the ho apply finance and the owe grocery has characterized by minimum f small(a) of ceiling in the morselary mortgage securities industry, confusion on the important check by authority and respective(a) ill practices. This particular has necessitated mingled changes in the stick out and class baseownership pecuniary.This study collected twain(prenominal) primary and collateral entropy, and found push d atomic number 53 that the governing body moldiness even off the right policies that pull up stakes empower tolerate and nucleotide consumers to circumvent non-white practices and practice advised decision do, these sentiments. at that place inbred be an improvement in the foreclosure processing and mortgage servicing, nonably, from the beginning of the la st monetary crisis, foreclosures and NAR tried to work by administrators and regulators to formulate criteria for change magnitude the peril of foreclosure. in that location should be increase working capital availableness to credi iirthy borrowers from all communities and states including Michigan.The study has overly revealed that much resolve based search is necessary than general solution look fores. Keywords fiscal policies, menage and groundworkownership, and mortgage. Dedication This project has been apply to those who believe that financial policy making is a joint responsibility, for every United give ins citizen, and it should not be unexpended to the governance and politicians. It has also been dedicated to those who believe in acquiring their own homes as a step towards fulfilling the upper asks in the Maslow hierarchy of needs. AcknowledgementFirst, I offer gratitude to God almighty the familiarizeer of life and strength to complete this project. Second , my gratitude goes to my Tutor and all participating members in the Capstone project committee. Third, I offer my greatest gratitude to all the members Corporation for Enterprise culture (CFED), who conducted the 2012 Assets & Opportunity Scorecard, they highlighted the note arrive at leash to a place of C for Michigan States trapping and Homeownership, and they brought to my attention the problem of low family line and homeownership in Michigan.Last but not least, is gratitude to the Michigan Chamber of Commerce (MCC), for suggesting the need to amend financial policies that encourage endure and home ownership in the State of Michigan. Table of Contents inclination of Abbreviations8 Chapter 1 Introduction9 1. 1 Background of the Problem9 1. 2 Statement of the Problem9 1. 3 Purpose of the figure/Study10 1. 4 Signifi tailce of the Project10 1. 5 Nature of the Project11 1. 6 Research Questions12 1. 7 Theoretical Framework12 1. 8 Assumptions12 1. 9 Scope and Limitations13 Ch apter 2 lit review14 2. Historical Overview using of American accommodate and Home pecuniary System14 federal official trapping organization (FHA)14 autobiography of the FHA14 The current FHA15 The FHA Down Payment16 The mortgage amends17 Stopping the FHA owe Insurance18 The scotch Effects of the FHA19 2. 2 The Current admit pay System20 Tax insurance20 2. 3 Flows in the accommodate finance System22 2. 4 The federal official Housing pay part (FHFA)23 chronicle of FHFA24 Conservatorship of Freddie mack and Fannie Mae24 Chapter 3 Description of the Research Design gived26 3. 1 Research method acting and Design Appropriateness26 . 1 Population26 3. 2 certified Consent26 3. 3 Confidentiality27 3. 4 selective information Collection27 3. 5 Instrumentation28 Open and unsympathetic Ended Questionnaires28 Interviews29 Reading29 3. 6 Validity and Reliability30 inborn validity30 External validity30 Reliability30 3. 7 Data abridgment31 Chapter 4 The Results and Findings of the Project32 Chapter 5 watchword of Results and Findings33 Chapter 6 Conclusion and Recommendations37 Chapter 7 References38 Chapter 8 Appendices41 accompaniment 1 CFED Assets & Opportunity Scorecard 2012, Michigan State Profile41Appendix 2 Housing Financial Policy Changes in Michigan Questionnaire42 Appendix 3 Housing Financial Policy Changes in Michigan Interview Questions44 List of Abbreviations CFED Corporation for Enterprise victimization FHA The federal official Housing establishment FHFA Federal Housing pay Agency FHFB Federal Housing Finance Board GSEs - politics Sponsored Enterprises HUD incision of Housing and Urban Development IRS The Internal Revenue Service LTV Loan-to-Value Ratios MBS Mortgage-Backed Securities MCC Michigan Chamber of Commerce MMI yearbook Mutual Mortgage Insurance MRBs Mortgage Revenue BondsMSHDA Michigan State Housing Development dresser NAHB subject atomic number 18a Association of Home Builders NAR National Association of Re altors OFHEO Office of Federal Housing Enterprise circumspection UFMIP Upfront Mortgage Insurance Premium Chapter 1 Introduction 1. 1 Background of the Problem The latterly released Corporation for Enterprise Development (CFED) Assets & Opportunity Scorecard 2012, under(a) Michigan State Profile, and further under House and Homeownership section, revealed that the main challenging issue to be tackled in Michigan is the low rate of the domiciliate and homeownership.Appendix 1 cl proterozoic shows that Housing and Homeownership Area in the Scorecard it has been ranked 32, and given a grade place of C. The House and homeownership in Michigan is seriously wanting due to the fact that, it had the least score in the scorecard, and it is closely followed by the challenge of progress toing health policy for all. Meanwhile, recent financial lit on the challenges of the current US lodgement finance policies has attributed the reduced rate of the house and homeownership to poor financ ial policies regularization the house and homeownership assiduity.Swindler (2011) discussion on the house and homeownership in the US, also blamed the low house and homeownership equipage in Michigan on unfavorable financial environment stick outing it. This is currently a polar issue, and it has face liftingd a lot of concern, especially with the residents of Michigan, and it is upon financial experts and researchers, to device the means of improving the poor housing finance policies and practices. 1. 2 Statement of the ProblemThe problem the existing poor house and homeownership consumer protections permitted low-quality, risky mortgage products, and that argon predacious imparting to thrive, an outdated, and inadequate regulative system that has lieed unchanged since the 1930s, and which has failed to control the house and homeownership financial industry. thither is a complicated securitization procedure that lacks accountability, standardization, and transp atomic numb er 18ncy. thither is inadequate capital in the house and homeownership system this has left various financial institutions unrehearsed to engross subsequent losses.Lastly, the 2008 US recession, proved that the house and homeownership servicing industry chill out remained ill-equipped to assist the requirements of investors, lenders and borrowers, especially when the housing and homes prices fell down (The plane section of the Treasury and U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 2011). 1. 3 Purpose of the Project/Study This project aims to Find out the weakness of existing financial policies meant to encourage home and homeownership in Michigan. Find out various pertinent financial policy changes that can encourage house and homeownership in Michigan. Find out proof of the applicability of the sight financial policy changes that encourage house and homeownership in Michigan. 1. 4 Significance of the Project This project aims at benefiting the lot of Michigan State, and the general re world of the United States. The outcome of this project leave behind assist the federal government, Michigan State Authorities, and all some other stakeholders in homeownership to understand how trump out they can improve their operations and financial policies to encourage homeownership in this state.The main cultivate and justification of this project is the heartyity of the low and change magnitude rate of homeownership in Michigan State and the turbulences that argon currently facing the US mortgage market. The Federal Reserve Bank of New York (2010), had released a report on current economic and financial issues in the US, and they revealed a low turnout in homeownership in the US and went a top to blame it on poor financial polies. Wiseman (2010) highlighted the issues around homeownership in the US, and he proposed various polies that could be used to encourage homeownership, but, he lacked a scientific research to plunk for his ideas.This missing links or research evidence to back bright ideas on financial policy changes is a serious problem, and it is the reason why this project aims at finding out credible evidence of various proposed financial policy changes that could be used to encourage homeownership in Michigan. 1. 5 Nature of the Project This project get out mainly apply mixed research method, including a survey method and integrate it with other relevant finance supporting research methods.It volition collect both primary and tributary entropy, to illustrate the relevant financial policy changes that can be used to encourage homeownership in Michigan. An open and closed questionnaires are often used to collect information in the 100 branches of various homeownership financial institutions, and the other institutions closely associated with homeownership in Michigan. These financial and other institutions associated with homeownership in Michigan, will include the public and confidential banks, Michigan St ate Housing Development control (MSHDA), the US Urban and ousing department, and other mortgage and housing finance companies. This information will then pack to be cross examined against various in indispensable literary productions, and the current roll and applying housing finance policies that heve been intended to be boost homeownership in the US. And the rude(a) ideas will drive home to be filtered, and ultimately, financial knowledge guide to be will be applied to test the applicability of the selected untried ideas, before discussing and interpreting them, so that they can be included in the concluding project document. . 6 Research Questions This project aims at answering triad main questions, namely What are the current weakness of existing financial policies meant to encourage home and homeownership in Michigan? What are the various relevant financial policy changes that can encourage house and homeownership in Michigan? What can prove the applicability of t he discovered financial policy changes that encourage house and homeownership in Michigan? 1. 7 Theoretical FrameworkThe NAR issue Analysis (2011) had support the financial policies that empower house and home consumers to escape from prepossess practices and make fully informed decisions before engaging in whatsoever minutes aimed at acquiring a house or home, improving foreclosure processing and mortgage servicing, and they also supported the need for guaranteeing that capital is accessible to point of referenceworthy borrowers allover the united states. These were similar sentiments suggested by the American telling by the Department of the Treasury and U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (2011) to the congress. . 8 Assumptions This project has pretended that there have been existing literature, which will have to be used as tributary sources of information, since the military issue on assisting US citizen to acquire houses and homes is as old as the statu tory financial policies that guide it. The second assumption is that the sampled respondents, who hail from the management of various house and home ownership financial institutions sector, are a group of financial experts who poses the necessary knowledge on how to change the financial polices to encourage house and homeownership. 1. 9 Scope and LimitationsThe project will have to be hold in to the respondents from the Michigan State all, and topic reporting wise it will have to be limited to the housing support institutions and policies, which revolves around features, like mortgages policies, and any other policies aimed at assisting US citizens acquire homes, but, it will not touch the wider financial policies which could also influence homeownership in one way or another. Chapter 2 Literature review 2. 1 Historical Overview Development of American Housing and Home Financial System Federal Housing Administration (FHA)National Housing consummation of 1934 led to the creation of the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), which one of the United States government path have-to doe with with housing is financing. It breedd house and home contributes do by private lenders and banks for a house or home buying and building. The main goals of FHA are to develop housing conditions and standards, offer a suitable home/house financing system through with(predicate) insuring mortgage lends, and to attain stability in the mortgage market. History of the FHAThe history of FHA can be traced back to the times of the Great Depression, when the blow of the banking system took place, and as results instigating an fundamental decrease in houses and homeownership and loans. During this time, mass of the home mortgages were under short-term catamenia. They were ranging between 3-5 years periods, the inflatable items were targeted at LTV (Loan-to-Value Ratios) that were below 50-60%, and there were no amortization (Goldfield, 2007). This banking crisis during the 1 930s obligated all lenders to recover due mortgages.The refinancing go were never available, and most borrowers, who had been unemployed by then, were unable to repay their mortgages. Therefore, some homes and house had to be foreclosed, making the housing/homes market fall. The banks calmed the foreclosed homes (Loan Collateral), but, the prevailing lower property appraises caused a comparative lack of assets. Since thwre had been nominal faith in the U. S. government backing, limited loans were creation dispensed and least new homes were be bought. In the year 1934 the United States federal banking System attained its reorganization.Then the National Housing Act of 1934 that brought the creation of the Federal Housing Administration was passed, to initiate its operation. Its intention was to control the mortgage terms and matter to rates and insure the entire industry. These practices applied on the new change increased the quantity of wad who could raise a down defrayme nt for a house or home, and manage to support the mortgage periodic debt overhaul defrayals, thus also raising the size of the single-family owned homes market (Gravin, 2002).The main criteria that the FHA had applied was through various calculations, they work outd the appraisal measure out centered on eight criteria, and it instructed its agents to loan to a greater extent for greater appraised projects, up to a full numerate that can be possibly. The two significant criteria which were being used are The congener Economic Stability, that instituted appraisal measure of 40%, and Protection from adverse influences, (Gravin, 2002). This do up a new 20%.By the time of World War II, FHA supported some(prenominal) projects of workers housing, like the Kensington Gardens Apartment Complex in Buffalo, New York (Gravin, 2002). The current FHA The Federal Housing Administration joined the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) in 1965. As from 1934, the HUD and FHA had managed to insure way above 34 million housing and home mortgages, and it has also insured 47,205 mortgages for multifamily projects. Presently, the FHA is insuring about 4. million mortgages for single family, and also insuring13,000 multifamily projects in its current portfolio (Monroe, 2002). The Federal Housing Administration is the lone US government agency that is totally self-funded. Arguably, even if it asserts to operate exclusively on its own revenue, without any taxpayers money, there is an understood assurance that the taxpayer will aid them in hard times of financial need. In the year 2008, the US budget planning HUD had requested high budget allocation bulge at $143,000,000 budget deficit stanching from the FHA run program.It is the first time aft(prenominal) 30 years that HUD had wide-awake an appeal to the Congress for a taxpayer funding. Even though the FHA has been constitutionally obligated to be budget impartial, the relevant agencies are projecting taxpayer financed subsidies of $ 500 million dollars over the coming three years, this is incase there are no changes put in place on the FHA program (Goldfield, 2007). Succeeding the subprime mortgage crunch, the FHA, a large with Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae, converted to be the source of ost of the United States housing mortgage financing. The portion of home and houses purchases which were funded with FHA mortgages grew from 2% to over 30% of mortgages in the US as conservative mortgage lending could not weather the credit crunch. In the absence of the subprime market, a telephone number of the riskiest mortgagors ended up going to the Federal Housing Administration for assistance, and this made FHA suffer from considerable losses (Woodward, 2008). The FHA Down Payment The mortgagors down hire can mount from various sources. This 3. % standard can be fulfilled with the mortgagor using their own money or from a support of a family member, labor union, employers, or a government agency. From 1998, non-profits anticipates to assist with down payment gifts to mortgagors who buy homes and the house, where the vendor has approved to repay the non-profit and pay an extra processing fee. In May 2006, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) had resolved that their idea was not a charitable activity and has managed to revoke that term of supporting non-profit for groups settling down payment support in that way.The FHA has subsequently ceased the down payment support program using third party non-profits. Several bills were presented to the Congress to try to bring-back the non-profit program. The Mortgage Insurance Mortgage insurance guards mortgagees from borrowers mortgage repayment default. When a property or housing/home purchaser borrows an measure of money greater than 80% of that propertys value, the financier will possibly need the borrower to an acquire a private mortgage insurance to cover the financiers risk.Nonetheless, in case the lender had to be approved by FHA and the mortgage amount is within the FHA set limits, the FHA will have to offer the mortgage insurance, which is likely to be much affordable, particularly for borrowers with higher risk. Financiers can characteristically acquire FHA mortgage insurance covering the 96. 5% of the assessed value of the house, home, or any building. These FHA mortgages are being insured using a mixture of UFMIP (Upfront Mortgage Insurance Premium) and MMI ( yearbook Mutual Mortgage Insurance) premiums.The UFMIP is a whole amount extending from 1 2. 25% of the loan total value (it is dependent on the duration and LTV), funded by the mortgagor in whichever way, it can be funded using the loan or cash at closing. The MMI, though is a y early on payment, is overally encompassed in mortgage payments in monthly basis and ranges from 0 1. 15% of the loan value (also, this is dependent on duration and LTV).In case a mortgagor has had a credit history rated as poor to moderate, the MMI perhaps is far le ss big-ticket(prenominal) with an insured loan from FHA, than with a conformist regular loan irrespective of LTV, this can occasionally go as low as 1/9, as more contingent on the credit score of the borrower approval status, loan size, and LTV. Conventional mortgage rates of insurance increase with the decreasing credit tally while FHA rates of mortgage insurance does not differ per credit score. The conventional mortgage premiums flutter vividly, if the credit score of the borrower is below 620.Owing to a suddenly increased risk, many mortgage insurers do not write their policies, when the credit score of the borrower is below 575. Nonetheless, when they write their policies for mortgagors with low credit scores, the annual premiums might be up to 5% high of the loan amount. Stopping the FHA Mortgage Insurance The FHA insurance payments comprise of two parts UFMIP and the yearly premium paid on a monthly basis referred to as the MMI. This UFMIP is unequivocal payment that can be funded into the loan or paid in cash.It increases a definite amount to the monthly payments nonetheless it does not resemble PMI, or the MMI. An individual purchasing a home using an FHA funded loan, he or she pays monthly mortgage insurance up to a 5 year period or till he covers 78% of the assessed amount. The MMI payments are superior to all FHA Acquisition Money Mortgages, streamline Refinances, and Full-Qualifying Refinances. The idea of canceling or stopping FHA insurance program, concerns only the MMI. It is different from other forms of conventional funded mortgage insurance.The value of UFMIP compiled on a loan by FHA is prorated through a 5 year period, denotation that if a homeowner sells or refinances during the loans first 5 years, they are permitted to an incomplete refund of the amount of UFMIP paid at the inception of the loan. If he has funded the UFMIP within the loan, he cannot stop this compensation part. The insurance payment on a thirty year FHA loan has to be paid for a minimum of 5 years. The MMI premium has to be terminated spontaneously when the unpaid start balance is exclusive of the pfront premium, and extents to 78% of the concluding initial property assessed value or sales price. Mortgagors who do pay additional payments to the mortgage of import of the FHA, might have to take the ingenuity by using their lender to terminate the insurance by referring to the 78% rule, however, this is possible after 5 years of consistent payments for loans lasting for 30 year. The PMI termination, nevertheless, can be lessened using extra payments or a fresh assessment to prove that the house or home as added value. The Economic Effects of the FHAThe formation of the Federal Housing Administration effectively change the housing market size. Through, persuading the banks to lend yet again, also through standardizing and changing mortgage procedures and instruments, home and house ownership has improved from 40% during 1930s to approximately 68% in the year 2000. In 1938, which is 4 years after the formation of the Federal Housing Association, only a 10% of the value of the house was being required to purchase it, the remaining 90% was being funded through a 25 year, FHA-insured, self-amortizing mortgage loan.Afterward, the ending of World War II, and the subsequent prevailing condition, made the FHA assist the returning veterans to acquire homes. When the emergent energy follows and inflation endangered the existence of thousands living in a private flatcar during the 1970s, the FHAs emergency funding reserved cash-strapped houses afloat. During the 1980s, while the US delivery did not fund a growth in the house and homeowners, FHA assisted to stabilize the dropping prices, enabling the probable homeowners to fund as the private mortgage insurers moved out of states producing oil (Mitchell, 1985).The ultimate effects of the FHA can be agnize in cities and by marginal populations. Almost half of FHAs urban area bus iness is being situated in dominant cities, a fraction that is far higher above the conventional loans percentages. The FHA overly lends to a greater fraction of Hispanic Americans, African-Americans and younger population, credit restricted borrowers, causing an in homeownership on the named groups, but, that is not enough.As the United States capital markets matured after many years, the FHA shockingly has witnessed a decrease in their impact. In the year 2006, the FHA had a return less than 3% of overall issued loans in the US. After the 2006 FHA failure revelation, the Congress and other interested parties have questioned the voice of the US Government in the mortgage insurance business, and how financial policies can be amended to encourage house and homeownership and most respondents and analysts advocated for the abolition of the FHA.The consequent alter in the credit markets and the recent open recession, nevertheless, has fairly explained criticism of the FHA. Currentl y, FHA insures about 40% overall new mortgages, but, its impact is still wanting. 2. 2 The Current Housing Finance System Tax Policy It is a common knowledge and many financial experts often site, deductibility of housing and home property taxes and mortgage interest as the main source of federal support to encourage house and homeownership.As expressed in this long quote by the 32nd President of the United States Franklin Delano Roosevelt The movement toward progressive taxation of wealth and income has tended to(p) the growing diversification and interrelation of effort which marks the industrial society. Wealth in the modern world does not come merely from individual effort it results from a combination of individual effort and of the procreate uses to which the community puts that effort.The individual does not create the product of his industry with his own hands he utilizes the many processes and forces of mass production to meet the demands of a national and international m arket Social unrest and a deepening sense of unfairness are dangers to the national life which we must minimize by exact methods. People know that vast personal incomes come not only through the effort or ability or luck of those who receive them, but also because of opportunities for advantage which Government itself contributes.Therefore, this duty rests upon the Government to restrict such incomes by unusually high taxes. (Duclos & Makdissi, 2002). But, we can mention categorically that various literature indicates that encouraging homeownership had been factored in the initial formulation of deductions and taxes, thus the interest expense deduction is not limited to deductions of state and local taxes, and housing mortgage interest, and this is according to the Tariff Act of 1913 and the Revenue Acts of 1864 and 1865 (Arestis, Mooslechner & Wagner, 2010).Numerous analysts interpreted that the real tax subsidy for house and homeownership as an elimination of homeowners implied rental income put of the taxable income, but not as a deductible on property tax and mortgage interest (Arestis, Mooslechner & Wagner, 2010). The Act of 1997, on Taxpayer Relief, moderationd the rollover of capital advantages for homeowners who purchase additional house and the elimination of up to $125,000 in advantages for owners who are 55 or above with an elimination of advances up to $500,000 for proprietors of some age ? ing for joint returns. It gave a higher incentive for owning a home, but, it eliminated a discouragement for walking out of owning a home or transacting to a lowly priced home. other tax incentive that is go outd by the federal tax system after instructing the local and state government agencies to support house and homeownership for those with moderate income and ? rst time buyers was the application of MCCs (Mortgage Credit Certi? cates) and MRBs (Mortgage Revenue Bonds). MRBs are securities for tax-exempt issued by local or state housing ? ance agencies , to increase mortgage capitals for ? rst time house or home buyers (Arestis, Mooslechner & Wagner, 2010). There have also been the temporary housing-related tax incentives amongst others that will have to be discussed as the literature review progresses. 2. 3 Flows in the Housing Finance System There has been a mix up in the housing markets and the policies that were meant to encourage house and home ownership, and it has turned out to be a crisis, various studies have tried to explain this crisis, but, they have not found a perfect cause that can explain it.Baily (2011), had identified that the US housing market was characterized by misjudgments, Misbehavior, and missed opportunities, mainly on surround Street. American people must be protected and encouraged to own houses and homes, but, the discussed below points hinders this achievement * reduced consumer protections encouraging low quality and risky mortgage products and greedy lending targeted mainly at propagation of the f inanciers wealth.The evident presence of unregulated mortgage brokers and inventors encouraged complex mortgage products that ended up increase sharply, the rates required and down payments. * The outdated and inadequate regulatory regime had been and currently is unsuccessful in controlling the system as a fact especially following the history that was earlier presented, the regulatory boundaries have been largely since the 1930s, they have encouraged the inancial system that were earlier being committed to supporting house and homeownership finance to function with almost no oversight. * The complex securitization procedure lacked accountability, standardization, and transparency The market progressively depends on complex securitization procedure containing securitizes, mortgage brokers, ratings agencies, originators, and investors and they tend to fuel the home prices to increase. * The in fitting capital in the housing finance system left financial agencies un nimble to engross losses. The systemically-significant financing agencies were never mandated to hold sufficient capital against the material mortgage risk reflected in their balance sheets since these institutions were already permitted to have lower capital compared to securities supported by the issued mortgages than if they reserved the equivalent mortgages themselves. * The mortgage servicing industry is ill-equipped as they value the needs of the lenders, borrowers, and investors when the homes prices go down. 2. 4 The Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA)The Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) is a self-governing federal agency formed as the replacement regulatory agency consequential to constitutional merger of the OFHEO (Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight) and the FHFB (Federal Housing Finance Board), and the HUD (U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development government) sponsored enterprise mission team, engrossing the regulatory authority and powers of the two authorit ies, with stretched regulatory and legal authority, and, plus the capacity to substitute GSEs (government sponsored enterprises) into conservatorship or receivership (Wilshusen, 2010).This is one of the authoritative bodies of interest to this project. History of FHFA The permitting law founding the FHFA is the Federal Housing Finance Regulatory Reform Act of 2008, which is Partition an of the greater Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008, (Public Law 110-289), contracted on July 30, 2008 by the then US President George W. Bush. A year afterward the FHFA and OFHEO went out of existence. Every prevailing, decisions, and regulations, of the Finance Board and OFHEO had continued to be influential until superseded or modified. Conservatorship of Freddie Mac nd Fannie Mae The FHFA manager Lockhart proclaimed that he had put Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac under the conservatorship of the FHFA on September 7, 2008 (The Financial Crisis Inquiry Report, 2011). Just to give a brief history the Federal National Mortgage Association is the normally called Fannie Mae, it was created in 1938 when the Great Depression as an effort of dealing with the crisis that face up the mortgage sector. It is a US Government Sponsored Enterprise, nevertheless, it has remained a publicly traded company from the year 1968.Its main role was to enlarge the tributary mortgage market through securitizing mortgages in using MBS (mortgage-backed securities), enabling mortgagees to reinvest their properties into additional lending and as a result growing the population of lenders in the mortgage market through decreasing the dependence on thrifts. The Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, referred to as Freddie Mac, is also a public government sponsored enterprise. It was founded in the year 1970, to enlarge the tributary market for mortgages.Beside other government sponsored enterprise, Freddie Mac purchases secondary market mortgages, merges them, and then selling them to inv estors as a mortgage-backed security on the open market. The US secondary mortgage market raises the quantity of money obtainable for mortgage lending and raises the money accessible for the new house and home purchases. The earlier mentioned action of putting Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae under conservatorship being termed as one of the most sweeping government interventions in private financial markets in decades (The Financial Crisis Inquiry Report, 2011).This would only commit the extremely avoided, employing of taxpayers money into funding GSEs. The debate is never ending, but, it was a sign of the failing financial power to support house and homeownership in the US. The action has brought various challenges to FHFA, which are evident through the number of law suits agents it and other homeownership financial institutions. In 2001, the FHFA sued UBS plus other 17 financial institutes, FHFA accused them of parodying approximately $200 billion as mortgages vended to Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae and many other suits have followed.This signifies the lack of sound control in the market, because there are lots of fraudulent deals in still persisting in this market (The Financial Crisis Inquiry Report, 2011). Chapter 3 Description of the Research Design Used The purpose of this soft and qualitative study is to discover to the weakness of existing financial policies, discover relevant financial policy changes in the existing financial policies, and proof of the applicability of the discovered financial policy changes that encourage house and homeownership in Michigan. 3. 1 Research Method and Design AppropriatenessThe mixed research methodology and design, that allows the entreaty of both qualitative and quantitative information is the most favorable for this project. The mixed research design enables the collection of expert view when least knowledge is present in respect to a financial problem and the researcher pursues to raise understanding and prospects for resolutions (Creswell & Clark, 2007). This method was appropriate as the project was to improve housing finance knowledge that is present among the US citizens identified through various studies and research (Creswell, 2003). . 1 Population The data will have to be collected from the top management of the sampled financial institutions, which are in direct association with financing housing and homeownership in the State of Michigan. All the institutions and their branches will be then listed and then fed to sample distribution software to come up with randomly selected 100 institutions, a branch of an institution will have to be viewed as an institution. Then two people per institution are interviewed, after filling the questionnaires 3. Informed Consent The sampled institutions will first be contacted through the mail, and, if they confirm their participation in this project, they are presented with an early informed consent form, which they will have to fill. Their respective ins titutions will also have to issue them with a human subjects approval document, in the form written official document, with a valid letter head and signed, this to allow the sampled staff to get into in this project. 3. 3 ConfidentialityApart from the names highlighted in various official documents concerning this project, there is no other place that the names of the participants will feature the researcher will not happen upon the names of the participants and the names of their institutions, despite the fact that they are captured in the questionnaire and the interviews transcript for communication purposes. 3. 4 Data Collection First, the primary data is collected using questionnaires and interviews, the sampled institutions are listed according to the geographical location and their availability of the participating respondents.Then, the questionnaires are netmailed to the respondents, and they will have one week to fill them and email them back to the researcher. Thereafter , on the day of the interview the respondents in various institutions are interviewed only if they have successfully filled and submitted the questionnaire. The respondents are then interviewed for about 10 minutes, but, there is no fixed time for the interview duration. Remember they had already been informed about the project requirements during the earlier debriefing, this was to enable them prepare for the actual data collection through the questionnaire and interview.Then, after the data are collected in all the institutions they will be compiled together for data processing and psychoanalysis. Secondly, after the collection of the primary data, the secondary data are collected through actual reading of various assembled relevant published research literature, highlighted in various textbooks, journals and online sources. They will also be compiled and assembled for data processing and analysis. 3. 5 Instrumentation Open and Closed Ended Questionnaires The questionnaire will b e one comprising both open and closed sections.The instructions on how to fill the questionnaire, and the relevant details on how to light the reply mail of the questionnaire, are captured on the actual questionnaire, which are represented in the Appendix 2. The questions in this section to be answered using yes or no, some sampled closed ended questions are * Does the US house and home financing policies need change? * Do you support increased regulation in the mortgage sector? * constitute you been affected negatively by the current the current home financing policies? * Have you been following the debate on housing financial reform?And the questions requiring ticking the preferred option still under the closed ended section are * Which is the most influential institution in the purvey of the house and home financial assistance? List MSHDA Michigan State Housing Development Authority NAHB National Association of Home Builders FHA Federal Housing Administration FHFA Federal Housing Finance Agency The open ended section will contain one question which is asking what changes should be made on the house and home financial policies?Interviews The interviews will be used to collect, further opinions and to clarify the data collected earlier on using the questionnaires. The main opinion will be requesting for their opinion on Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac having drawn $170 billion in taxpayer funds, Many Republicans want to end federal backstop in housing and the Conforming loan limits on governments mortgages expiring Oct. 1 (Virtanen, 2011). Appendix 3 named the Housing Financial Policy Changes in Michigan Interview Questions contain a set of questions that will guide the interview sessions, with the respondents.The main concern will involves the geek of Loan that best suits house and home buyers, the Interest Rate & Annual Percentage Rate that would not burden the house and home buyers, the price reduction Points and Origination Fees that would encourage hous e and homeownership in Michigan, and minimizing Prepayment Penalty that discourages house and homeownership. These notice questions will ensure that dark-fruited information is attained on financing housing and homeownership in Michigan. ReadingThis is applied in the secondary data collection, as earlier mentioned various reading skills are to being applied to collected data from the secondary literature. 3. 6 Validity and Reliability Internal validity The internal validity can be toughened by the researchers knowledge, data collection procedure and instruments, and biased documentation. This is mitigated now that the all the researcher have consulted various financial research experts to ensure that they have a sound knowledge on data collection, documentation, data processing and analysis.Independent people are employed for the data collection, and the random selection of the participants helps to militate against biased data collection. External validity Threats to external va lidity apply mainly through three main factors time, place, and people (Creswell & Creswell, 2009). People threat could be created by selection of people from individual organization, but, this is avoided using a selection encompassing various different financial institutions and associated institutions in the home financing industry.Threat to validity by place replicates the setting in place for the data is collected process (Creswell & Creswell, 2009), this has been avoided through conducting the interviews in the best desired place with the institution, a person can also respond only once and finally no respondent is allowed to take a break during the data collection process. The time of data collection is chosen to be in the morning hours when most of the respondents are fresh in the mind, and now that we are dealing with the management level of the institutions, they can easily create time.Reliability The validity is met through the number of participants sampled to participate in this project. The large number is according to the nature of this study, which aims at collecting as many views as possible. The second reliability is, the increase through strict adherence to the set research procedure and methods, the make it step will have to be followed without skipping or by passing any, and this is to avoid any enigmatic in the project.A short pilot study will also be carried out to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the research procedure. 3. 7 Data Analysis Data analysis starts with testing the questionnaires and data collection. The subsequent data analysis procedure will involve sorting, and identification of various themes and ideas, and processing to identify various relationships in the responses from both the questionnaires, and interviews.Finally, the outcome is then summarized into lists of written ideas, and percentages. The data retention is done through computer programs, write-ups of field notes, recording conventions and procedures, and any other relevant tool that will be identified later. The collected data are grouped into various relevant themes, then, the most extreme and irrelevant data are eliminated by a software program, then the remaining data will be further tested for inconsistencies.The finally selected data will be analyses and tested for applicability, using various financial calculations, for example, the proposed favorable mortgage repayment rate, will be tested by calculating the average cost of maintaining that mortgage, and the expected financial impacts of that rate to the US economy. After this stage only applicable data will be compiled for the final presentation. Chapter 4 The Results and Findings of the Project Out of the 200 respondents, 178 successfully submitted the questionnaires on time fully filled, and they successfully completed the interview.The responses are summarized in the table below The No. of Respondents The Ideas Expressed 81% of the respondents (144 Respondents) Expr essed that the economic and housing reclamations remain very fragile 90% of the respondents (160 Respondents) Accused the housing and homeownership interest groups to have the objective to cause destruction. 79% of the respondents (141 respondents) Further explained that the financial experts and policy-makers must let go their political scorn for Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae. 98% of the respondents (174 respondents) Insisted that the roles of the GSEs are important, but, they should not rely on tax payers money to run their operations. 60% of the respondents (109 respondents) Insisted that the suggested government plans appear to substitute policy that permits home and house prices to remain to decline because of condensed credit accessibility that is not economically cultivatable. boilersuit 91% of the respondents Suggested that the current housing finance policies require change. The secondary literature, fully suggested that reduction in loan limits is very appropriate, rais ing guarantee fees (g-fees), for the GSE will increase the achievement cost of mortgage, the FHFA and the GSEs should decrease their risk-layering to inspire more lending, and last but not least, many of the secondary literature suggested decreased portfolios of both Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae. Chapter 5 Discussion of Results and Findings Both the respondents and the secondary data revealed that most people demand major changes and fast changes in the housing finance policy especially the mortgage market.The outcome of this project expressed the following both primary and secondary expressed that the economic and housing reclamations remain very fragile. The more time need to be dedicated for the homeownership and housing sector in to recover and stabilize before extreme, but highly needed, changes are formulated as required. Many interested groups have suggested that it is their objective to cause destruction, as a changeover from momentous government involvement within the housin g and homeownership market takes place.The respondents believed that * financial experts and policy-makers must let go their political scorn for Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae, they should pay attention on the significance of the secondary mortgage market and now that this market has contend a positive role in allowing Americans to attain bearable house and homeownership and ascending motion in the larger American society. * Regardless of their noticeable mistakes and shortcomings, the GSEs played valuable and positive roles in housing mortgage finance.These positive and valuable elements of the GSEs should be retained and allowed to continue to the future of this finance system. * Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae GSEs are being faced out but, crucial elements of their functions must be retained to allow the U. S. to attain an affordable and efficient transformed mortgage finance system. * Presented observations proved that the that the governments involvement in the housing market pulls awa y capital from various groups, higher productive, institutions impedes the statistic that 15% of the US national GDP is accounted for by housing accounts and 2. million work opportunities are created when there are yearly home sales of $5 million, and it is about each home bought, more than $60,000 is injected into the economy for home improvements, home appliances purchases, and other associated items. * The suggested government plans appear to substitute policy that permits home and house prices to remain to decline because of condensed credit accessibility that is not economically productive.A keen analysis of the outcome indicates that facing out of on Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac from mortgage market might reduce home and house affordability and admittance for people who manage to own homes and houses, this will make greater profits for influential banks in America, while forcing the majority of medium banks to fail, causing bigger risks to home and house consumers and exposing t axpayers funds to mischief, and in the longer duration weakened the job creation and the general economy.The ultimate twisting up and down of the GSEs has made many experts to instruct the need for reforming the GSEs and instituting ways of bringing private capital back to the mortgage secondary market. Nevertheless, some people trust that the government involvement is vital in the secondary mortgage market to guarantee the eonian stream of mortgage capital to various if not all markets under any economic situations.Closing these GSEs subtraction mechanism for continuous government involvement in the secondary market in economic recessions and other turbulences will upsurge the probability of a forthcoming housing finance system catastrophes. Suggested rise in down payment quantity, increased down payment necessities a load on individuals and families in numerous markets, however, particularly high cost city dwellers. This saving to meet the down payment been cited by many secon dary literature and financial surveys as the main expressed barriers to house and home purchases in America.A 10% down payment is challenging for numerous first time purchases and for others upgrading to bigger cost markets from lower cost markets. The change, joined with the planned fall in FHA support limits and the instillation of FHA personal income limits, implies that first time houses and home buyers in higher cost city market will have to spend significantly more money in private capital costs or postpone their purchases in spite of attaining incomes essential to cover the costs purchasing homes with conventional loan with acceptable PMI or lower down payment FHA.Furthermore, the ultimate QRM inceptions will impose another obstruction when LTV bounds for QRMs are put beyond the rational down payment amount and mortgagees are unable or reluctant to offer conventional products that which conforms to QRM set test. The recommended reduction in loan limits, will impact high cost zones negatively when the cost of capital to the house consumers shall rise considerably. Though, the financial experts have specified that the retreating of government ontribution in loans to an amount up to $729,500 shall auricle private capital to the mortgage market place, indication to that consequence is actually limited. The present oversize market is nearly fading away because of the severe restrictions put on possible home and house buyers through private capital. Raised guarantee fees, the so called g-fees, for the GSE, similarly as the increased down payments shall raise the acquisition cost of mortgage capital to various credits worthy house and home buyers, raising the g-fees shall perform an extra load for possible home and house buyers.To counter this effect, the NAR has advocated to FHFA and the GSEs to decrease their risk-layering to inspire more lending. There is a developed recognition that sensible guaranteeing is necessary but, this over-correction has conver ted more costly and this prohibiting home and house buyers who can solicit home payments from contributing in the market. The earlier mentioned Winding down the Government Sponsored Enterprises Portfolio, has made various quarters like NAR support decreased portfolios of both Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae but, full abolition should not be the objective for a fresh secondary market body.The Narrow Qualified Residential Mortgage (QRM) safe harbor, is a great idea if the regulatory organizations create a QRM, which is meaningfully tauter than the present credit standards, it implies that many creditworthy mortgagors taken as higher risk mortgagors. Chapter 6 Conclusion and Recommendations The government must set the right policies that will empower house and home consumers to circumvent biased practices and practice informed decision making, these sentiments had also been expressed way back in May 2005, in a document that highlighted the NARs Responsible Lending Policy.The suggested polic ies must seek to promote choice and clarity, stop abusive practices, and, as well as, robust guaranteeing standards, which requires mortgagees to authenticate the consumers credit worthiness. There must be improvement in the foreclosure processing and mortgage servicing, notably, from the beginning of the last financial crisis, foreclosures and NAR tried to work with administrators and regulators to formulate criteria for decreasing the risk of foreclosure. The good NARs determination to offer direction to restructure short duration sales and various insurance tools ave tried to encourage homeownership, through providing worried homeowners alternatives other than the humiliation of eviction from their homes because of foreclosure. There should be increased capital availability to creditworthy borrowers from all communities and states including Michigan. The ways foreword under this is through safeguarding the prompt secondary mortgage market through facilitation of flow of capital into the larger mortgage market, for every shell of home or housing including rental in during any market situation as being the main recommendation for this project.Chapter 7 References Arestis, P. , Mooslechner, P. , & Wagner, K. (2010). Housing market challenges in Europe and the United States. Basingstoke, UK Palgrave Macmillan. Baily, M. N. (2011). The Future of Housing Finance Restructuring the U. S. Residential Mortgage Market. Brookings Institution Press Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (2. ed. ). pace Oaks, California. judicious Publication. Creswell, J. W. , & Clark, V. L. (2007). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Thousand Oaks, Calif. SAGE Publications. Creswell, J. W. , & Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (3rd ed. ). Los Angeles Sage. Duclos, J. , & Makdissi, P. (2002). Socially-efficient tax reforms. Sherbrook University of Sherb rook, Department of Economics. Federal Reserve Bank of New York. (2010). Current Issues in Economics and Finance. Goldfield, D. R. (2007). Encyclopedia of American urban history. Thousand Oaks Sage Publications. Gravin, A. (2002). The American city what works, what doesnt.. New York McGraw-Hill. Mitchell, J.P. (1985). Federal housing policy and programs past and present. New Brunswick, N. J. fondness for Urban Policy Research. Monroe, A. (2002). How the Federal Housing Administration affects homeownership. Cambridge, Mass.? Joint Center for Housing Studies, Harvard University. NAR Issue Analysis (2011). Reforming Americas Housing Finance Market. Retrieved, 1st April, 2012, from, www. realtor. org/ /government_affairs_GSE_analysis_021211. pdf Swindler, S. (2011). Homeownership yesterday, today and tomorrow. Journal of Financial Economic Policy. Vol. 3 Issue 1, pp. 5 11.The Department of the Treasury and U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (2011). Reforming Americas Housing Finance Market a Report to Congress. Retrieved 1st April, 2012, from, www. michaelcarliner. com/HPD98-OwnershipPolicy. pdf The financial crisis inquiry report final report of the National Commission on the Causes of the Financial and Economic Crisis in the United States (Official government ed. ). (2011). Washington, DC Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission. Virtanen, B. W. (2011). Housing finance reform in America. Hauppauge, N. Y. Nova Science Publishers.Wallison, P. J. , Pollock, A. J Pinto, E. J. (2011). Principles for Reforming the Housing Finance Market. National Mortgage News. Retrieved 4th April, 2012, from, http//www. aei. org/article/economics/financial-services/principles-for-reforming-the-housing-finance-market/ Wilshusen, G. C. (2010). Information security opportunities exist for the Federal Housing Finance Agency to improve controls report to the Acting Director of the Federal Housing Finance Agency. Washington, D. C. U. S. Govt. accountability Office. Woodw ard, S. E. (2008). A study of closing costs for FHA mortgages.Washington, DC U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research. Chapter 8 Appendices Appendix 1 CFED Assets Opportunity Scorecard 2012, Michigan State Profile Appendix 2 Housing Financial Policy Changes in Michigan Questionnaire _________________________________________________________________________________ PART 1 AND 2 dedicate AND GLOSED ENDEND QUESTIONNAIRE __________________________________________________________________ Thank you for participating in filling the house and homeownership financial policy changes questionnaire.Please submit the completed questionnaire by 31st March, 2012. __________________________________________________________________ PERSONAL DETAILS (These details are required for communication purposes only and will not be disclosed) NAME POSITION NAME OF THE ORGANIZATION CONTACT DETAILS TELEPHONE EMAIL - - book of instructions FOR COMPLETING THE QUESTIONNAIRE - -This questionnaire is in electronic format to facilitate its completion and to enable the responses to be automatically prepared for analysis. - - Question 1. 1 Please type your response of YES or NO immediately just after the question and the question mark. - - Questions 1. 2 Please type your responses in the appropriate columns of each table.Use your TAB key to create additional lines in the tables where necessary. - - Questions 1. 3 and 1. 6 Type your responses immediately after the questions and this is limited to 500words per question. - __________________________________________________________________________ mansion AND HOMEOWNERSHIP FINANCIAL POLICIES Your responses to these questions will provide data relating to the current housing financial policies.It will also provide data that will enable charging of the housing current financial policies. _____________________________________________________________________ 1. 1 Please answer with Yes or No, the following questions Does the US house and home financing policies need change? Do you support increased regulation in the mortgage sector? Have you been affected negatively by the current the current home financing policies? Have you been following the debate on housing financial reform? 1. 2 Describe the most discouraging process or discouraging thing during each of the three stairs in mortgage acquisition.TASK INFORMATION REQUIRED Mortgages The Basics, Part I Starting out Mortgages The Basics, Part II Securing your loan Mortgages The Basics, Part III Closing the deal 1. 3 Which is the most influential institution in the provision of house and home financial assistance and why? MSHDA Michigan State Housing Development Authority NAHB National Association of Home Builders FHA Federal Housing Administration FHFA Federal Housing Finance Agency 1. List and explain the preferred policy changes in the mortgage industry? 1. 5 List and explain any housing financial policy chang es that are relevant to encourage house and homeownership in Michigan? 1. 6 How does the information you get on house and homeownership compare with what you need to complete the house or homeownership process? (i. e ideally what would you like to have that is not currently available to you). Use the scale from 1-5 to indicate the importance of the required resource. 1 not task-specific of general benefit to provide substantiating or minor support 3 to contribute directly to the task but not essential 4 to provide significant benefits or added value 5 critical Please complete this questionnaire by and SUBMIT. If you have any questions about how to complete it, please contact person by phone phone number or email email address. Thank you name position title Appendix 3 Housing Financial Policy Changes in Michigan Interview Questions 1. Which Type of Loan is best for buying a house or home? Fixed-rate loans. Adjustable-rate loans. Interest-only loans. Negative-amortization loans . 2. What is the Interest Rate Annual Percentage Rate that would not burden the house and home buyers? Many lenders do not compute APR correctly. There is no way to accurately compute an APR rate for an adjustable loan. It does not account for early payoffs. If your interest rate is adjustable, ask about its Adjustment frequency Maximum annual adjustment Highest rate (Cap) Index Margin 3. What are the Discount Points and Origination Fees that would encourage house and homeownership in Michigan? sometimes lenders charge origination fees in addition to points. Points buy down the interest rate, meaning the more points you pay, the lower the interest rate. Points are also tax deductible, even if the seller pays some or all of the points. 4. Is There a Prepayment Penalty that discourages house and homeownership? How much is the prepayment penalty? What are the terms of the prepay? Some are in effect only during the first 2 to 5 years of the loan. Would the prepayment penalty apply if I refinanced through you at a later date?