A Guide to Internet Privacy Laws and Ethics Essay Example for Free

A Guide to Internet privacy Laws and Ethics EssayWith information systems, privacy deals with the collection and pulmonary tuberculosis or misuse of data More and more than(prenominal) information on all of us is being lay in, stored, used, and shared among organizations Who owns this information and knowledge?Privacy is a status wherein an individual can work on his/her information in seclusion, resulting in a selective revelation of ones identity and information. Privacy can stiff anonymity in case a person wants to remain unidentified. Privacy can also be related to the security aspect of an individual or information. The definitions of privacy can differ across individuals and cultures. The invasion of privacy can be avoided by the issue of privacy laws.Internet Privacy and Ethics victimisation the Internet often comprises the use of social networking sites, email facilities and the browse of various early(a) websites. Internet privacy comes on the scene when it comes to website users giving out their ain details on the Internet. For certain websites, which facilitate online shopping, the users are made to input their credit card numbers. In case of emailing sites, there are issues about whether terzetto parties should be allowed to store or read emails without informed consent. Whether or not, the third parties should be permitted to track the visitors on a website, is another major privacy concern. The other important Internet privacy issue is whether the sites that gather personally identifiable information from the users should store or share it.Internet privacy can be considered as a subset of computer privacy. Computer privacy consists of the data privacy relating to the avoidance of the improper disclosure of the personally identifiable information collected and stored by websites. The effective sharing of data while protecting the private information is the real challenge.Privacy and the Internet* Huge potence for privacy invasion on t he Internet* E-mail messages* Visiting a Web site* Buying products over the Internet* Platform for Privacy Preferences (P3P) screening technology* Childrens Online Privacy Protection effect (COPPA), 1998 requires privacy policies and parental consent* Potential dangers on social networking Web sitesE-Mail Privacy* Federal law permits employers to monitor email sent and received by employees * E-mail messages that have been erased from hard disks can be retrieved and used in lawsuits * Use of e-mail among public officials might bust open meeting lawsComputer Matching is a mass surveillance proficiency involving the comparison of data about many people, which has been acquired from multiple sources. Its use offers potential benefits, particularly financial savings. It is also error-prone, and its power results in threats to established patterns and values. The imperatives of efficiency and equity demand that computer matching be used, and the information privacy intimacy demands t hat it be used only where justified, and be subjected to effective controls Computer matching is the comparison of machine-readable records containing personal data relating to many people, in order to detect cases of interest. The technique is called computer matching in the United States, and data matching in Australia and Canada. Although the latter term is perhaps more usefully descriptive, the United States term is more common in the literature, and is used in this paper.The Computer Matching and Privacy Protection ActThe Computer Matching and Privacy Protection Act of 1988 (5 U.S.C. 552a(o) et seq.) revise the Privacy Act by describing the manner in which computer matching involving Federal agencies could be performed and by adding certain protections for individuals applying for and receiving Federal benefits. As amended by the Computer Matching and Privacy Protection Act, the Privacy Act requires Federal agencies involved in computer matching programs to Negotiate written a greements with the other means or agencies participating in the matching programs Obtain the relevant Data Integrity Boards approval of the match agreementsFurnish detailed reports about matching programs to relative and OMB Notify applicants and beneficiaries that their records are subject to matching and Verify match findings before reducing, suspending, terminating, or denying an individuals benefits or payments. Though the Computer Matching and Privacy Protection Act certainly involves detailed procedures, including obscure Data Integrity Boards, it is probably most notable for the fact that it institutionalizes sharing of data among federal government agencies. Information collected for one purpose may be used for different purposes by a different federal agency. Though integrity and fairness seem informed by the Act, privacy is not.Flaming also known as bashing, is hostile and insulting interaction between Internet users, often involving the use of profanity. Flaming ordin arily occurs in the social context of an Internet forum, Internet Relay Chat (IRC), Usenet, by e-mail, game servers such as Xbox Live or PlayStation Network, and on video-sharing websites. It is a great deal the result of the discussion of heated real-world issues such as politics, religion, and philosophy, or of issues that polarise subpopulations, but can also be provoked by seemingly vain differencesSpam is most often considered to be electronic junk mail or junk newsgroup postings. Some people define e-mail even more generally as any unsolicited email. However, if a long-lost brother finds your email address and sends you a message, this could hardly be called spam, even though it is unsolicited. Real spam is generally email advertising for some product sent to a mailing list or newsgroup.

How War Is Necessary Essay Example for Free

How War Is Necessary EssayMr.Weirzbowski-English 10War has been with mankind for many millenniums. The reasons for contends in mankinds history have all been various, until now 1 big reason for war is that countries want to grow bigger, by taking everywhere one another. Throughout history, rulers would not be satisfied with the metre of soil that they had or wanted to spread their beliefs around the world. So, they did it by difficult to take over others. However, some didnt want to give up their land or change, so they fought. Fighting these wars ar, however, necessary no matter what people believe. This is because fighting them and winning go away stop them from unequivocal others. Some wars that stopped countries from controlling others are the second world war, the war in Vietnam, and the Revolutionary war. However, there are claims that the Vietnam war couldve been avoided, but there wouldve been consequences for going to war. War is necessary because its a way to filtrate to stop countries from dominating over others and controlling them. There are many ways that war has stopped countries from controlling one another. Firstly, the Vietnamese war was necessary because, the war wouldve stopped the spreading of communism to neighboring asian countries, also known as the domino theory. The brain of communism started with the election of Ho Chi Minh in North Vietnam. Kennedy wasnt concerned with Vietnam until Lyndon B Johnson called Ngo Dinh Diem the Winston Churchill of Asia because, Diem was the only one trying to resist the communists and Johnson promised to protagonist him. Noam Chomsky, a US philosopher, stated that if a country better its economy due to communism, neighboring countries would try to improve their economy using communism, as seen when china influenced North Vietnam. Had communism been successfully spread to South Vietnam, then Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, etc. Also, other countries wouldve lost faith in the US for not protecting S.Vietnam in their time of need. This shows that the US needed to fight this war to stop the communistic ideals from spreading to countries and to keep the confidence of other countries around the world, so that they could help the US when the US needs them.The second world war as necessarybecause, it showed how the world responds to a fascist ruler controlling a major country, trying to claim the world. It also showed how the US would react when attacked by another major country. Hitler want to create a master race, which was blonde-haired, blue-eyed people. So when he came into power, he had convinced the german people that jewish people were less than humans and should be treated as such. Thus he started taking over various countries in Europe and started killing jewish people to start his political program. While that was happening, the US was maintaining neutrality and supplying Britain, Russia, and China with weapons until the japanese attacked pearl entertain on December 1941. The US then declared war on Japan and fought in the Pacific theater until August 15th, 1945. Had the axis powers won humankind War II, North America and South America would be surrounded by dictators ready to destroy democracy and take over the world. Also, Hitlers plan wouldve probably been completed and the world wouldve been comprised of blonde, blue-eyed people. However, the war told us that when we are concerned with individualism, we become selfish and degraded or under the influence of corrupted selfish nations. This war was needed because, when one tries to dominate and take over another country, we become blinded and end falling. We need teamwork to stay strong in the world.Finally, the Revolutionary War was necessary because, it allowed rights normally granted by the king, to be for every single individual. It also sparked other revolutions, along with stopping Britian from controlling the colonies. When the French Indian War concluded, King George III mad e the Proclamation of 1763, which stated that no colonists may settle west of the Appalachian and anyone other than Indians there had to instigate from the area. The Boston Massacre also brought them closer to the revolution, because British soldiers killed 5 civilians for calling them names. The Stamp Act of 1765, Townshend Act of 1767, and the Tea Act of 1773, were all attempt of Britian to try and control the colonies in North America. However after the war, the Declaration of Independence was signed and Britian let the colonies rule themselves. With this newfound freedom, the colonists were allowed to trade with anyone they wanted, colonize past the Appalachian Mountains, set up a new government and the British moved out of the colonies. Had the colonists lost the war, the US would probably still be under British rule tothis day.Even with all this evidence that war is necessary, people still see war as a terrible thing. Going back to the Vietnam War, the Vietnamese War couldve been avoided because the US couldve stayed neutral and let the problem in Vietnam blow over, instead of sacrificing 50,000 men. The war wouldve been avoided and Vietnam wouldve became a communist country along with possibly, part of Asia. Robert McNamara, exoneration chief under John F Kennedy and Lyndon B Johnson, says that he doubted Vietnam would let China or Russia use them as a base, but thats the US had feared at the time. The US had feared that China or Russia would use them as a base they could use to control more parts of Asia. The Vietnamese couldve probably fought the war themselves and probably resisted the communistic ways of China and/or Russia.The belief about if war is needed in the world or not cuts both ways. every that it helps bring everlasting peace in the world closer or its useless and all it does is kill off innocent people. War is a big thing that stops countries from trying to gain total global domination or keeping them at bay until they give up. Until th at happens, there will be allies who will attack at a moments notice when a country is trying to bite off more than it can chew.There are so many more examples of how war is necessary in the world that this would be a lot longer than it is already. The concept of war may be bad, but in the end, its all worth it.

Different Jolmohals And There Locations Environmental Sciences Essay

Different Jolmohals And in that respect Locations Environmental Sciences EssayThe searcheries sphere of Bangladesh is a quick yielding sector, which augments return and can contribute to p everyplacety reduction. The 4.57 one million million million hectors of available mid province pee bodies contribute 80% of the total fish production and transferers a great opportunity for the poor fishing confederacy to commit an mendd income through increased production. 12.2 million People use this piddle bodies as their address of income (both direct and indirect) that comprises 24.6% of the total employment of Bangladesh. Around 0.77 million fishermen be dependent on the availability of frequent piddle bodies for their livelihood. However, in spite of having abundance of inland water clay resources, the fisheries sector is non experiencing its full potential growth in terms of employment generation, increased production and demand for nutrition because of the improper distri butions of these inland water resources. Most of the fishers are poor and in the fisheries sector this poverty is associated with economic exclusion from high value water bodies, social marginalisation of traditional fishers, class exploitation by moneylenders and lettingholders, and political disempowerment from decisions affecting fisher livelihoods.The inland fisheries sector includes baor, coastal aquaculture, river and estuaries, beels and haors, lake, flood plains, canals and ditches and together they c each(prenominal)ed Jolmohal. A more formal definition of jolmohal according to the Jolmohal anxiety indemnity 2009 is Jolmohal is a waterbody where water clay in somewhat times or throughout the year and is known as Haor, Baor, Beel, Jheel, Pond, Ditch, Lake, Dighi, Khal, River, Sea etc. Such Jolmohals can be closed or open. Closed Jolmohal will have defined boundary whereas open Jolmohal will not.The power of distributing this jolmohal among the people is held by the aut horities. However, it has been noted that this distribution is not fair. Most of the hit is being enjoyed by the affectionatenessmen and new(prenominal) powerful non- fisher people. This is creating a monetary as well as a social price. Social welfare is woefulness the neediest people are being ignored. But the government has an obligation towards them and there needs should get priority and policies should be taken to ensure that.Different Jolmohals and There LocationsAs stated earlier jolmohal is a water body, which consist of polar types of inland fishery sector and they can be found in different areas of the country. As a first step in trying to sort out a rather complex situation, it is helpful to distinguish different types of by nature occurring water bodies. In addition to rivers and floodplains, this category includes a number of early(a) entities that are outlined below Figure Types of naturally occurring water body proposeDefinitionWhere foundHaorLow lying depres sions between two or more rivers functioning as small internal drainage basinsNorth-EastBeelLakelike depressions, sometimes found within haors retaining water permanently or for the greater part of the year. Adjoining beels may merge into a single continuous sheet of water under a unified floodplain during the wetter part of the yearAlmost everywhereKhalsDrainage channels connecting beels to adjacent riversAlmost everywhereBaorOx-bow lake do of former meandering bends in river that got cut-off from the main stream. Not strictly part of the open-water musical arrangementJessore,Jhenaidah, KushtiaBeyond this, and with regard to the wider category of water bodies as a whole, a number of further distinctions are important.Individual water bodies may beNaturally occurring or constructed by individuals and communities. For example- Kaptai Lake. The only large artificial inland is Kaptai reservoir formed as a consequences of hydro- electric dam completed in 1963 and which has flooded ov er 76,600 ha of pristine forested valleys and cultivated land in the Chittagong hill tracks.State (khas) or in camera ownedClosed where fish cannot move beyond their boundaries and can therefore readily be privately appropriated or open where they can move freely.Open chafe or plightd for private individual useSeasonal in which case all fish must be harvested in a single season, or perennial with potential to build up stocks for harvesting in later old ageWaqf estates and Debottar property, which support Muslim and Hindu religious organisations respectively.Policies and issues taken over the YEARSFrom the British period to the present day, a number of fisheries policies, regulations and acts have been introduced for the management of water bodies and other fishery resources. Prior to 1757 fishers and farmers had customary rights over open water fisheries including rivers, land depressions, lakes, oxbow lakes and floodplains. At that, time fisheries were managed by local fishing community as common property under various dodge of tenure. During early stages of British administration, fishers had some customary rights over all water bodies.The situation changed in 1793 when Zamindars were minded(p) rights (jalmohal) over rivers and other waters under the Permanent Settlement Act which was designed to generate revenue for the Colonial Government. As with land, these were then sub-divided among jotedars, using a leasing system that has continued with only slight modification until the present day. In the large majority of cases, the lessees (Ijaradars) were not fishermen themselves. The fishermen they meshled were low caste Hindus. The most able of these over time became informal managers, collecting tolls and taxes on behalf of the jotedars. Muslims generally did not fish, but some lower status Muslims did became traders. Therefore, during the 19th and 20th centuries the colonial state created a legal and regulatory framework, which favored landlords and l easeholders who were drawn largely from the non fishing class and groups and who increasingly saw their water tax rights as valuable commercial and financial assets that needed to be protected from unauthorized fishers. The fishers had to come to some agreement with them in order to survive.After the partition of India in 1947, the new state of Pakistan abolished the zamidari system in 1950 and took control of waterways through the State Acquisition and Tenancy Act 1950 and the Department of Revenue assumed responsibility for all jalmohal outside Reserved woods areas. Therefore, a large number of these water bodies were now owned by the state but property rights over them was temporarily transferred to the fishers mainly through a leasing process. From 1950 to 1965, open auction bridge of leasing water bodies started where highest bidder were granted lease. The method of fixing the maximum revenue prior to auction was to average the last three terms lease value than to increase it by 10%. In fixing the lease value, the productivity of fishery was not considered. The aim of the leasing insurance policy was to raise state revenue. However, during 1965 in an attempt to help poor fishermen, preference in the granting of jamohal was given to fishermens co-operative societies registered with the Dept of Co-operativesAfter the independence the government of Bangladesh took some(prenominal) policies in regard to the jolmohal management which have been depict below-1973- 1974 Preference was given to registered fishers conjunctives in leasing out the water bodies provided the cooperative agreed to pay highest bid money, the numbers of which as a result mushroomed. However, this provision was easily circumvented, with former Ijaradars generally using co-ops as fronts, taking jalmohals on sublease arrangements and retaining effective control.1974- 1984 Under a presidential order, all jalmohals were transferred from MOL to the Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock. In itial attempts were gravel to move from purely revenue-based to more sustainable systems of management, but before this could not be fully implemented. Restrictions placed on leasing out water bodies to the registered fisher cooperative societies through negotiation for 1-year lease for river and canal and 3 year lease for closed and semi closed types of fisheries such as lake, boar and ponds. If such a fishers association was not available or the terms and conditions of lease were not acceptable to the government then the water bodies would put up for open auction where anybody including the non-fishers could bid.1984 1986 Leasing to the fishers cooperative societies through negotiation was replaced by open auction system but limited to fishers cooperative societies. Open auction system of leasing water bodies was later changed to bidding by sealed tender system, all other conditions remaining unchanged. Jalmohals 20 acres reverted to MOL control.1986- 1995 To ensure biological management of fishery resources and to picture the right of fishers to water bodies a licensing introduced under the New Fisheries circumspection Policy (NFMP) in 1986 in selected location and the affected jalmohals were placed under direct management of the Department of Fisheries. The aim of this policy was to reserve some water bodies for substantial fisherman defined as those who depended on full time fishing for livelihoods. The leasing system was abolished and fishing rights were directly licensed to fishers. Credit was made available, and different institutional arrangements (including NGO management) were explored. Progress was slow, with MOL unwilling to give up its major source of income under circumstances where net revenue from land was very small and other vested interests were opposed. Annual gear specific harvests were introduced to ease the pressure on fisheries by regulating the harvests. Limited user rights to legitimate fishermen were meant to ensure that they received a greater share of the fishing income. Nevertheless, this had limited success and government revenue change magnitude fishers sometimes failed to pay license fees on time because of the failure to link the license fee with the productivity and biological potential of the water bodies, so for many an(prenominal) fishers the license fees were too high and increased yearly which overtime put them out of reach of many. In addition, non-fishers continued to control water bodies assisted by wealthier fishers. Because of the failure, this policy ended in 1996 since when project based approaches involving communities have been adopted.1995- 1996 (Open Access Policy) Leasing system for flowing rivers was abolished and fishing was declared open to all free of cost except to those who catch fish by using mechanized boats. The policy was established for the benefit of poor fishers but as there was, no control fishing pressure increased greatly and threatened fish stocks. Additionall y influential people and mastans were reported as controlling the rights to river water bodies in some areas and to have harassed and exploited fishers.Community Based Fisheries focal point Project The CBFM Project started field activities in different locations from late 1995 to mid 1997. The project is a partnership of government (DOF), five NGOs Caritas, Proshika, BRAC, Banchte Shekha and CRED, and ICLARM. CBFM is a partnership arrangement where management responsibility is shared between the government and fishing communities. Under this approach, the users can put down to the management of fisheries to ensure its sustainable use and equitable distribution of benefits.The Fourth Fisheries Project This project started in 2000, involved the NGOs extensively for empowering the fishing community so that the community of project beneficiaries, i.e., the fishers, could retain the benefits of mitigatory and compensatory interventions undertaken by the project. The project involved 1 4 NGOs in 49 sites for empowering community institutions. In essence, they were posted to ward off the capture attempts made by the rural elites by empowering the fishers.The irrigate Body Management Policy 2005 and its shortcomings Although the 2005 policy aimed at ensuring full access of poor fishermen into the public water bodies, however there were several drawbacks and constraints in its implementation as followsThe revenue centric policy only allowed the affluent people to get lease and left out the poor fishermen.Did not specify the property rights of the lease holder to be bankable.Insufficient coordination and discussion on the leasing strategies among the relevant ministries and stakeholders.Lack of boost and involvement of private sector investment.The short term leasing policy held back the fishermen from introducing any scientific cultivation method.Jolmohal Management Policy 2009 The government adopted the Jalmahal Management Policy-2009 with the cabinet approval on J une 23 through bringing some changes to that of 2005. These changes or amendments are-While the Upazilla fisheries officer will recommend whether the shamity members are actually fishermen or not, the Upazilla Water Body Management Committee will prepare and finalize the fishermen group aliment adjacent to a particular water body.The management direction headed by a deputy commissioner (DC) is authorised to lease out khas jalmahal among the community. Local lawmakers have been made advisers to the district and upazila committees with the upazila chairmen alternative advisers to the upazila committeesAny fishermen community / group / shamity living adjacent to an water body will be become the beneficiary of that particular water body.The lease period for the closed water bodies up to 20 acres has increased to 3 years from only 1 year.The lease-holders are not allowed to sub-lease the water bodies and must use it only for fish production.The Upazilla and District water body manageme nt committee will consist of representatives from the private sector, civil society, department of agriculture and law enforcement agency.The District Commissioner (DC) will annually update the key of public water body and notify in the notice board, local dailies and websites for the stakeholders.The public water bodies under different ministries will be allocated to the fishermen or samity alternatively of previous target group.The commercial banks and financial institutions will provide loan to the fishermen or their community in order to scientifically manage the leased water bodies.A database will be prepared and updated with information regarding the public water bodies of the country.Ministry of land will introduce public private partnership to manage the water bodies for improving the lives of the fisherman.A coordination committee comprising of concerned ministries will be formed at national level for the proper management of public water bodies.even though the Jolmohal Ma nagement Policy 2009 is a better policy than the previous one, but still there are some problems regarding this policy, they are-Jalmahal management policy does not effectively safeguard the interests of the actual grassroots fishermen.The provision for keeping local lawmakers and upazila chairmen as advisers in the management committee will create scope for politicisation and conflict. The genuine fishermen community will not be benefited with a management dominated by bureaucratsIn summary from the 18th century to the present, Bangladeshs jolmohals management has been dominated by private leasing and controlled by non- fishers business and political elites. Most of the policies and rule instituted during this period led to a transfer of property rights from the traditional fishers to the socially powerful agents, the leases and other commercially non- fishers interest.Reasons for the failure of these policiesThe polices taken over the years to manage the jolmohal by the government hasnt been successful as the genuine fishermen didnt get the benefit but the middle man enjoyed it. Therefore, social welfare actually did not increase. To look it more closely we can take each of this policy and examine their problems.The first policy taken was, lease system, which was used to increase the government revenue, so lease was granted to the highest bidder. Due to lack of capital and the control of local political authorities by non fishing interest group fishers were outbid or there cooperative was controlled by outside finances and the lease was allocated to the non-fishing population who wanted to make profit, which did not help the poor fishermen. Similarly, the open auctioning system failed which besides granted the right to the non-fishing population.The problem with the licensing system was that while determining the license fee they did not link it with the productivity and biological potential of the water bodies. Therefore, for many fishermen the licensee f ee was too high. In addition, government failed to provide them with technical financial support, there was also a continuous threat from other interest group. This put a pressure on the fishermen and the benefit from the licensing declined.Another policy taken was, open access fishing. As with the other policy, in this case also the influential people controlled the rights to river water bodies. Furthermore, the open access system put a pressure on the resource since to maximize the profit nobody gave a thought to the issue of sustainability.To overcome the problem with the middlemen the NGOs stepped in and there intervention helped many but in time some corruption was also noted. Most of the time they were given free rein so they had the tendency to exploit the power.The recent jolmohal policies have considered the environmental aspects, restricted the subleasing system and the intervention of the non- fishing community. However, since all this have to done on the district level there is still sufficient chance of the middlemen and other local powerful interest groups intervention. Therefore, there is a good possibility that this policy will not be successful in ensuring the welfare of the fishermen. contingent SolutionAs we can see, no form of ijahara or leasing process has been very successful in ensuring the welfare of the fishers. There can be several possible solutions to this but the most effective would be to create an aquaculture for the fisherman. In other words, the fishing right should be given to the fishers directly for a abundant period, at a minimum cost to enable them to pay the amount and the government should oversee the progress. This will save them from the middlemens intervention. If the fishers have the exclusive right to fish then they themselves would think of the sustainability issue and this will also give them incentive, so productivity will increase. This right to the fishermen should be given on a community basis. The governmen t revenue may decrease from this process but they can earn more revenue from the export of the fish. To improve the situation and to protect the genuine fishermen, they need to be empowered with monetary and logistic help and capacity building. For this purpose, the government needs to give them the support. Therefore, instead of an ijahara process if there is a cooperation among the government and the fishers then there is a possibility of increased in fishers welfare.ConclusionAs we have seen from the earlier discussion that the proper distribution of jolmohal is very important both from the financial and social perspective. However, the policies taken since 1757 have only been successful in depriving the fishermens from their natural right to fish from the water and the situation has worsened overtime. To improve the situation the only possible and viable solution possible is the cooperative one because a proper and necessary monitoring is not possible of the ijhara system which is increasing the social cost and benefiting the non-fishers. Therefore, government needs to consider the cooperative system to ensure the welfare of the fishers.ReferencesIslam ,Gazi Md. Nurul. Abdullah, Nik Mustapha Raja. Viswanathan, K. Kuperan. Yew ,Tai Shzee . AUGMENTING FISHERS WELFARE AND LIVELIHOOD ASSETS THROUGHCOMMUNITY base MANAGEMENT IN BANGLADESHThompson, Dr. Paul. FISHING RIGHTS AND ACCESS MACHTHOMPSON, P.M., P. SULTANA, M.N. ISLAM, M.M. KABIR, M.M. HOSSAIN and M.S. KABIR. An Assessment of Co-management Arrangements Developed by the Community Based Fisheries Management Project in Bangladesh CBFM Project 1999Government Jolmohal Management Policy, 2009 Ministry of Land 23 June, 2009Govt to revise Jalmahal Management Policy to increase fish production The Financial Express 8 September 2008Inland Open Water ManagementJalmahal policy wont help grassroots fishermen The Daily Star , 26 July,2009LAND POLICY AND ADMINISTRATION IN BANGLADESH, CARE SDU Reports and Studies, Land policy Literature Review Final, May 2003Public Water Body Management Policy 2009 Beginning of a new era for the poor fishermen of Bangladesh News materialization 3, 18 August 2009

The Age Miracle Creams Marketing Essay

The age Miracle Creams Marketing EssayMarket portionation is the division of a trade into different groups of customers with distinctly similar needs and proceeds/service requirements. Or to put it an separate way, commercialize segmentation is the division of a mass merchandise into identifiable and distinct groups or segments, each of which occupy common characteristics and needs and display similar responses to market actions.Market segmentation was first define as a condition of growth when core markets comport already been developed on a generalised basis to the point where additional promotional expenditures be yielding diminishing returns (Smith, 1956). There is now general agreement that they form an important foundation for successful marketing strategies and activities (Wind, 1978 Hooley and Saunders, 1993).The purpose of market segmentation is to lever suppurate scarce resources in other words, to ensure that the elements of the marketing mix, price, distributi on, proceedss and promotion, are designed to meet particular needs of different customer groups. Since companies pose finite resources it is not possible to produce all in all possible products for all the people, all of the time. The best that can be blueprinted for is to provide selected offerings for selected groups of people, about of the time. This process allows organizations to focus on specific customers needs, in the most efficient and effective way. As Beane and Ennis (1987) eloquently commented,a company with limited resources needs to pick only the best opportunities to pursue.The concept of market segmentation was first proposed as an alternative market development technique in imperfectly competitive markets, that is, in markets where there are relatively few competitors selling an identical product. Where there are separate of competitors selling identical products, market segmentation and product differentiation produce similar results as competitors imitate y our strategic onset more(prenominal) than quickly and product differentiation approaches meet market segment needs more closely.With an increasing proliferation of tastes in modern society, consumers have increased disposable incomes. As a result, marketers have sought to design product and service offerings around consumer demand (market segmentation) more than around their profess production needs (product differentiation) and they use market research to avow this processObjective Of Study1. To understand market segmentation and consider why it is utilise.2. To examine how companies segment markets.3. To explore different targeting strategies.4. To learn about the employment and process of view in segmentation strategies.5. To consider how marketers can achieve the most from market segmentation.The Process of Market SegmentationThe intricacies involved in market segmentation are said to make it an exacting activity. Griffith and Pol (1994) argue this point on the basis of multiple product applications, greater customer variability, and problems associated with the realization of the key differences amongst groups of customers. However, there have been numerous attempts to define and describe business segmentation, using a variety of variables and ranging from the severely product-based to customer needs-based orientation.There are cardinal main approaches to segmenting markets. The first adopts the view that the market is considered to consist of customers which are essentially the same, so the task is to identify groups which handle particular differences. This is referred to as the disruption order. The second approach considers a market to consist of customers that are all different, so here the task is to find similarities. This is known as the build-up method. The breakdown approach is perhaps the most established and well recognized and is the main method used for segmenting consumer markets. The build-up approach seeks to move from the mortal level where all customers are different, to a more general level of analysis based on the identification of similarities (Freytag and Clarke, 2001).The build-up method is customer oriented as it seeks to determine common customer needs. The aim of both methods is to identify segments in the market where identifiable differences exist mingled with segments (segment heterogeneity) and similarities exist between members within each segment (member homogeneity).Market segmentation and positioning are key determinants of successful marketing. They are fundamental to the matching process which is the raison dtre of marketers. It is marketers who are responsible for ensuring that the offer made by the company in the marketplace satisfies the wants and needs of the target market of customers and consumers. Segmentation and positioning analyses enable the marketer to make informed choices about what to offer, to whom, and in what way.Customer and consumer are oft used interchangeabl y. The term consumer generally means the final consumer, who is not necessarily the customer. For example, a parent buying lunch box snacks is probably acting as an agent on behalf of school-age children. The parent can therefore be described as the intermediate customer and the child as the end nsumer. To market much(prenominal)(prenominal) snacks effectively, the marketer must differentiate the wants and needs of each party influencing the purchase process. He or she must also be clear about which actors in the process are to be the step inject of any segmentation exercise.The term market must be defined unequivocally. For example, Mark Warner and Saga are both spend companies but they are not in the same market. The former offers holidays for families, young couples and groups in Alpine and sunshine resorts, while Saga caters for the more mature traveller who may be looking for holidays involving leisure pursuits such as sightseeing, bridge or walking.We need a definition so that we canMeasure market region and market growthSpecify target customersRecognize relevant competitorsFormulate marketing objectives and strategies.As a rule of thumb, a market should be defined in terms of a consumer need, and in a way that covers the aggregation of all the alternative products and service which consumers regard as being capable of comforting that need. For example, a brand of instant coffee not only competes with other brands in the same product category, but also with alternative hot drinks such as tea and chocolate. Consumers may compensate see cold drinks such as colas and water as substitutes for it.Needs-based definitions evolve over time as trends break through in the marketplace, and companies must be prepared to revise their definitions accordingly. Nevertheless, they need to devise a definition that is manageable. At the extreme end of the clutch, micromarketing is about marketing to the individual as a segment of one. However, companies must be ab le to meet the needs of individual segments in a way that is commercially viable. They therefore distill their efforts on groups of many customers who share approximately the same needs.Market segmentation allows companies to gain advantage over their competitors in the marketplace by enabling them to bear resources on clearly identified opportunities. It is based on the assumption that birds of a feather flock together.In many cases, the segments form separate markets in their own right, and they can oftentimes be of considerable size. There are number of criteria that make a market segment of commercial interest, including the following The segments should be rangy enough to provide an adequate return on investment.The requirements of segment members should be very similar, but the members should be distinct from the rest of the market.Segments must be reachable, that is, the channels, or routes to market (where people buy), must be accessible.Methods of Market Segmentation1) Geographical segmentation-Chronologically, this kind of segmentation appeared first . For planning and administrative purposes ,the marketer will often find it convenient to subdivide the market into areas such as nations, states, regions, cities ,etc. In systematic way .The great advantage of adopting this scheme is that standards regions are widely used government and its facilitates collection of statistics .Most of the national manufactures split up their sales areas into sales territories either state wise or district wise .2) Demographic segmentation-Under this method ,the consumers are grouped into homogenous groups in terms of demographic similarities such as age, sex, education standard ,income level, etc .This is considered to be more purposeful since the emphasis at long last rest on the customers .Age group are considered by manufactures of certain special products , for example ,toys. Even in the purchase made by parents ,children observe a profound influence .The mar ket segmented on the basis of the age groups is as follows children ,teen agers ,adults and grown up .Anti Aging productsAnti-aging products were originally designed for the baby-boomer generation, however in the recent report, the analysts (global ornamental industry, 2008) revealed that theFuture growth will be fuelled by the expansion of the consumer base into junior age Groups aged 25 to 30 which seem to be increasingly interested in applying anti-aging Products, particularly topical beat treatments. This shift is leading to an increase of Spending on anti-aging products which and is believably to result in improved market Opportunities for producers seeking continuous expansion of their operations.The growing potential of the anti-aging skin care segment along with its menacing Competition spurs cosmetic market players to design and launch new products in order to stay in the game. Unilever, the worlds eighth biggest cosmetics manufacturer (cosmetic design, 2008) regularly updates their skin care product line. The company Launched ponds age miracle anti-aging skincare slam dance specifically for the Asian market In the late 2006 early 2007 in an attempt to capitalize on the markets huge potential. And to tactically respond to the life-long rival pgs earlier launch of Olay total effect,Globally in 1998 (Olay, 2008) and Vietnam 2005, a multifunctional anti-aging products. In Vietnam, ponds age miracle was launched in January 2007. Designed and manufactured using a find cla (conjugated linoleum acid) technology, ponds Age miracle was claimed to be a new solution for the aging skin capable of visibly reducing wrinkles in seven days. Its launch by unilever Vietnam was marked as strategic and must-win stressing its significance for the manufacturer. Initially, ponds age Miracle received a friendly welcome and shot up to capture a substantial share of Vietnam anti-aging skincare market.IDENTIFIED ATTRIBUTES OF ANTI-AGING SKINCAREEight interviews returned us a total of thirty product attributes that the respondents consider when selecting an anti-aging skincare. There were found no significant differences between the interviewees responses as almost all of them shared the same view of anti-aging products regardless of being Olay, Ponds Age Miracle, third-party users or potential ones. The two attributes classes beneficial and image instead than characteristic, drew most interest of the interviewees. Another important aspect of the interviewees responses is an expectation of something more than just wrinkle reduction, the main function of anti-aging skincare some even respondents didnt even mention this attribute at all.Olay supply EffectOlay is a PG skincare brand line which offers a range of products with different functions in two main categories cleanser and cream with the aim of meeting the full range of skincare needs, whatever the users age or skin type.In March 2005, PG entered Indias anti-aging skincare market with thei r Olay Total personal effects brand line extension in the footsteps of its launch in Indian market. The India launch was a first mover outline to tap into the gift skincare segment before the arrival of the major competitors. Olay Total Effect successful market entry also allowed PG to make inroads into other skincare categories like whitening, moisturizing and cleansing in 2006 and 2007.The product is claimed to offer multi-effects including reducing fine lines and wrinkles, smoothening skin texture visibly and to the touch, evening skin tone for younger looking, more balanced color, improving surface dullness, giving skin a radiant, healthy glow, minimizing pores, visibly reducing the appearance of blotches and age spots and smoothening dry skin.Olay Total Effects is sold at the price of 190,000 VND (equivalent of 7.6 EUR) and in one suits all size of 50g both through modern channels like supermarkets, shopping centers and conventional channels like street shops and wet-marke ts.Olay is tapping the premium slice of the Rs 2100 crore Indian skin care market. Olay has launched its first product in the anti-ageing segment with its Total Effects sub brand. Anti-ageing segment is still a niche with a market size of Rs 60 crore. The segment is but growing very fast.Olay has launched its Total Effects anti ageing solution after much consumer research. It had conducted research on over 6000 ladies of age between 30-69 years from three continents and identified 7 signs of ageing.1. Fine ines and Wrinkles2.Sagging skin3.Uneven skin tones.4. Age spots5. Appearance of pores6. Dull skin7.DrynessTotal Effects is differentiating itself through the presence of the ingredient Vita Niacin. Vita Niacin is a patented preparation that contains Niacin amide Vitamin B3 ,Vitamin E and Provitamin B5 Pathenol +sunscreen protection.Olay true to the concept of Global Brand and Local strategy has launched itself with a series of promotional campaigns. The brand has the bollywood di va Sushmita Sen as the brand ambassador. Currently Olay is running two campaigns in the visual media. One campaign is th Olay brand building campaign featuring Sushmita Sen and another is for the Total Effects moisturizing lotion.Watch the Tvc Total EffectsFor the Total Effects range, the company uses a testimonial type of campaign featuring a Model/TV Anchor. The focus is more on the functional benefits of the product rather than harping on any emotional benefits. The brand is positioned as a brand that celebrates beauty within and outside. The brand cosmopolitan uses the tagline Love the skin you are in . The brand believes that Looking Good and Feeling Good are inseparable. Loving the skin we are in is the most beautiful feeling of all.Olay Total Effects is priced at Rs 599 for a 50 gm bottle. By Indian standards, this accounts for a premium category. Olay Total Effects is targeting ladies between the age 30 60. Besides this anti-ageing product, Olay has introduced cleansers, face pack and moisturizing lotions. The brand is expected to introduce its blockbuster range of products in India in a phased manner.The premium skincare segment was in a vacuum ever since HUL decided to cater to the masstige segment by repositioning Lakme and Ponds. Now with PG and ITC seriously looking at premium segment, the market is going to witness a marketing war in days to comePonds Age MiraclePonds is Unilevers skincare brand line. Introduced to Indian market in 1996, Ponds quickly became a leader in mass skincare, the main market segment in India at the time. Ponds product range focuses on whitening segment including moisturizers and facial foams. As a part of their counter-offensive to an ongoing expansion of Olay Total Effect, in January 2007 Unilever launched Ponds Age Miracle, an upper tier anti-aging skincare extension of the existing Ponds range also supposed to reinforce Ponds overall image in the mass market.Its launch campaign was based on a vox pop format It ha d people from various walks of life giving their feedback on the products. This was followed by Romance Revival, a heartwarming television commercial of a husband-turned-chef trying to bring trifle back into his married life. These campaigns continued to be aired for the first six months of the brands launch.An endorsement campaign on television wherein celebrities such as Mehr Jesia Rampal, former look out on India and model, and Rina Dhaka, fashion designer, talk about how Ponds Age Miracle has changed their lives, is also seen off and on. Currently, a television campaign, Satisfaction amongst Millions, is being screened. With players like LOreal and Olay, in addition to Ponds, the anti-aging market in India stands at Rs 60 crore today, according to Nielsen figures for 2007, and it is growing at a rate of 30-40 per cent per annum,Ponds Age Miracle line includes cream, serum, facial foam, lotion and eye cream toner in which the cream is a flagship product that secures 80% of sale s of the whole range. It is claimed to offer solution to wrinkles and dark spots effective in 7 days.Ponds Age Miracle cream is offered into two pack sizes 50g priced at 190,000 VND (7.6EUR), and 30g priced at 129,000 VND (5 EUR). As a part of the strategy to fight against Olay Total Effect, Unilever ensured equally extensive distribution network for Ponds Age Miracle and its availability to end-consumers through every possible channel (Unilever,2008). The successful launch in early 2007 allowed Ponds Age Miracle to gain a substantial share of nearly 50 % in the anti-aging skincare category a few months later. However, soon after the product experienced a sharp decline of its sales and market share. The bottom line the product profitability was also breached, resulting in Unilever Vietnam considering the decision of withdrawing Ponds Age Miracle from the markets.ConclusionThe underlying principle of market segmentation is that the product and services needs of individual customers differ. Market segmentation involves the grouping of customers together with the aim of better satisfying their needs whilst maintaining economies of scale. It consists of three stages and if properly executed should deliver more satisfy customers, few direct confrontations with competitors, and better designed marketing programmers.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Incorporation of Companies

Advantages and Dis reinforcements of Incorporation of CompaniesThis appointment pull up stakes discuss the advantages and disadvantages of incorporation of companies. This volition be discussed in relation to customary and private companies and it depart be concluded that the main advantageous of incorporation is and continues to be that of moderate liability and separate legal personality. Other issues will discussed and the advantages and disadvantages discussed.It is important first to point fall out the distinction between public and private companies, the croper being those which are permitted to offer their securities to the public and the latter being those which are non so permitted. a lot whether a comp any is public or private is taken more generally as an indication of the social and economic importance of the go with, so that the public come with is more tightly regulated than the private lodge in a number of ways, which fall outside the remit of this assignme nt. However, it is important to none that this deflexion does exist.The fundamental attribute of corporate personality is that the corporation is a legal entity which is distinct from its members. At the end of the 19th Century following the cuticle of Salomon v Salomon CO1 this concept was finally grasped by the courts and it was appreciated that companies confirm a separate legal entity, as Lord Macnaghten explainedThe company is at a law a different person altogether from the subscribers. and, though it may be that after incorporation the business is precisely the said(prenominal) as it was before, and the same persons are managers, and the same hands receive the profits, the company is not in law the agent of the subscribers or trustee for them. Nor are the subscribers, as members, liable in any establish or form, except to the extent and in the manner provided by the passage2As a corporation is a separate legal person its members are not personally liable for its debts3 . This principle also applies to obligations other than debts such as the members of the company, although members who become involved in the management of the companys business will find that this separate legal personality does not necessarily protect them from personal liability to third parties.If a company enters insolvent liquidation, in surmise the issue undergoes a considerable change, although in practice it does not. The question becomes whether the liquidator acting on behalf of the company brush off anticipate contributions from its members so as to start out its assets up to the level needed to meet the claims from the companys creditors. The overall result of the broad recognition by the courts of the separate legal entity of the company and of the limited liability of its members and managers is to produce at a first sight a legal regime which is very unfavourable to potential creditors of companies. However lenders often seek to leap over the barrier created by t he law of limited liability by exacting the price of the loan to the company personal guarantees of its repayment from the managers or shareholders of the company, guarantees which may be secured on the personal assets of the individuals concerned4. Legislation, whilst it has not overturned Salomon, contains an extensive list of publicity and disclosure obligations to priorities for certain classes of unsecured creditors on the winding-up of a company5. Recently added to these statutory weapons are the provisions relating to the wrongful trading and the expanded provisions on the disqualification of postulateors, especially on grounds of unfitness.One clear advantage of corporate personality is that it enables the property of the association to be more clearly distinguished from its members. In an unincorporated society, the property of the association is the joint property of the members. The dependables of the members in that differ from their rights to their separate property s ince the joint property must be dealt with according to the rules of the society and no individual member can claim any particular asset. By virtue of the trust and the obvious complications can be minimised but not completely eradicated. And the complications cause particular difficulty in the case of a trading partnership both as regards the true nature of the bets of the partners and as regards claims of creditors.On incorporation, the corporate property belongs to the company and members have no direct proprietary rights to it but merely to their shares in the undertaking. A change in the membership, which causes inevitable dislocation to a partnership star sign, leaves the company unconcerned the shares may be transferred but the companys property will be untouched and no realisation or splitting up of its property will be necessary, as it will on a change in the constitution of a partnership firm. Similarly, the claims of the companys creditors will be merely against the com panys property and the difficulties which can grow on bankruptcy of partners will not occur.There are difficulties relating to legal actions in unincorporated associations. The problem is of practicable importance with trading bodies but has been solved in the case of partnerships as they are now able to be sued or sue in the firms name6, although there are still practical difficulties in enforcing the judgement. This question does not arise with incorporated companies as they can sue or be sued in their own right.Another advantage of a limited company is that it cannot become incapacitated by illness, mental or physical, and it does not have to have an allotted life span7. This of course does not mean that the death or incapacity of its human members may not cause the company considerable embarrassment, tho the vicissitudes of the flesh have no direct effect on the disembodied company, as Grcer LJ said a corporate body has no soul to be saved or body to be kicked.8 The death of a member leaves the company unmoved members come and go but the company can go on forever.9 The continuing existence of a company, irrespective of changes in its membership, is helpful in other direction also. When an individual sells his business to another, difficult questions may arise regarding the performance of existing contracts by the new proprietor10, the assignment of rights of a personal nature11, and the validity of agreements made with customers ignorant of the change of proprietorship12. Similar problems may arise on a change of the constitution of a partnership13. Where the business is incorporated and the sale is merely of the shares, none of these difficulties arise. The company remains the proprietor of the business, performs the existing contracts and retains the benefits of them, and enters into future agreements. The difficulties be vicarious performance, assignments and mistaken identity do not arise.Connected to this issue is the issue of the shares. Incorpo ration with the resulting separation of the business from its members greatly facilitates the transfer of the members interests. In the absence of limited liability the opportunity transfer is in practice very much qualified. With an incorporated company, freedom to transfer, both legally and practically, can be readily attained. The company can be incorporated with its liability limited by shares, and these shares constitute items of property which are freely moveable in the absence of express provision to the contrary, and in such a way that the transferor drops out and the transferee steps into his shoes. A partner has a proprietary interest which he can assign, but his assignment does not operate to divest him of his status or liability as a partner it merely affords the assignee the right to receive whatever the firm distributes in respect of the assigning partners share14. The assignee can be admitted into the partnership in the pace of the assignor only if the other partners agree and the assignor will not be relieved of his existing liabilities as a partner unless the creditors agree, expressly or impliedly, to release him.Another important feature of an incorporated company is that a structure which allows for the separation of risk investment via the purchase of shares, in which many persons may participate, from the management of the company, which is delegated to a smaller and expert group of mess who partly constitute and who are partly supervised by a board of directors. This concept was first explored in the United States by AA Berle and GC Means15 and they move attention to the revolutionary change thus brought about in traditional conceptions of the nature of property. Today, the great bulk of large enterprise is in the hands not of individual entrepreneurs but of large public companies in which many individuals have property rights as shareholders and to the capital of which they have indirectly or directly contributed. estimate or indire ct investment in companies probably constitutes the most important single item of property for most people, but whether this property brings profit to its owners no longer depends on their energy initiative but on that of the management from which they are divorced.Two further advantages which must be considered are that of borrowing and taxation. The inventiveness of equity practitioners has led to the evolution of an un public but highly beneficial type of security known as the floating level i.e. a charge which floats like a cloud over the whole assets from time to time falling within a generic description, but without preventing the mortgagor from disposing of those assets in the usual course of business until something occurs to cause the charge to become crystallised or fixed. This is advantageous to incorporated companies because until recently such a charge could not sincerely apply to partnerships or other unincorporated organisation -this is because of two pieces of leg islation. The first was the reputed ownership provision in the bankruptcy legislation which relates to individuals16. This, however under the reforms resulting from the get across of the Cork Committee was repealed and not replaced in the Insolvency Act 1986. It never applied to the winding-up of companies. The second, which still remains, is that the charge, in so far as it related to chattels, would be a bill of sale within the meaning of the Bills of Sale Acts 1878 and 1882 which applies only to individuals and not to companies17. Hence it would need to be registered in the Bills of Sale Registry, and, what is more important, as a mortgage bill it would need to be in the statutory form which involves specifying the chattels in detail in a schedule. Compliance with the latter requirement is out of the question since in a floating charge the chattels are indeterminate and fluctuating. Therefore it can be seen that use of this form of security is in practice restricted to bodies c orporate. By virtue of it the lender can obtain an effective security on all the undertaking and assets of the company both present and future either alone or in conjunction with a fixed charge on its land. By so doing he can place himself in a far stronger position that if he merely had the personal security of the individual traders. It accordingly happens not infrequently that a business is converted into a company solely in order to enable further capital to be raised by borrowing.Once a company reaches a certain size, the liking of limited liability is likely to outweigh all other considerations when business people are considering in what form to carry on their activities. Investors are marvelous to be willing to put money in a company where there liability is not limited if they are to have no or little control over the running of the company and for this reason incorporation is preferable. However with small businesses, which it is feasible to give all the investors a say in management, it is likely that tax considerations play a major part in determining whether the business shall be set up in corporate form or as a partnership. In the case of small companies the investors return on their capital may take the form of the payment of directors fees rather than dividends, so that participation in the management of the company may be the means for the investor both to safeguard the investment and to earn a return on it.This assignment has discussed the advantages and disadvantages of incorporation of companies. It can be seen that the advantages of incorporation very much depend on one company to another. For larger firms the division between the board and shareholders, transferable shares and the conferment of limited liability on the shareholders are helpful for the raising of capital. Partnerships and unincorporated organisations do not lend themselves easily to this kind of need and therefore are more favourable in this respect. There are many othe r issues that make incorporation favourable but it can be seen that it is, and will continue to be the fact that these organisations have limited liability that will continue to make them attractive and more advantageous than unincorporated organisations.BibliographyCasesBrace v Calder (1895) 2 QB 253Boulton v Jones (1857) 2 H N 564British Waggon Co v Lea (1880) 5 QBD 149Griffith v Tower Publishing Co 18971 Ch 21Rayner (Mincing Lane) Ltd v Department of Trade 1989 Ch 72Re Noel Tedman Holding Pty Ltd (1967) QD R 561Robson v Drummond (1831) 2 B AD 303Salomon v Salomon CO 1897 AC 22 HLSlavenburgs Bank v International Natural Resources Ltd 1980 1 W L R 1076Stepney Corporation v Osofsky 1937 3 exclusively ER 289StatutesBankruptcy Act 1914Bills of Sale Acts 1878Insolvency Act 1986Partnership Act 1890RSC ORD 81BooksBerle A and Means G, (1993) The Modern Corporation and Private Property overbold YorkDavies P, (2003) Gower and Davies Principles of Modern Company Law, 7th Edition, Thoms on Sweet and MaxwellDobson P, (2003) Commercial Law, Third Edition, London CavendishMorse G, (2005) Charlesworth Company Law, ordinal Edition, London Sweet and MaxwellSmith and Kennan, (2005) Smith and Keenans Company Law , Thirteenth Edition, Harlow Press/Longman1Footnotes1 1897 AC 22 HL2 1897 AC 22 HL at 513 See for example Kerr LJ in Rayner (Mincing Lane) Ltd v Department of Trade 1989 Ch 72 at 1764 Davies P, (2003) Gower and Davies Principles of Modern Company Law, Seventh Edition, Thomson Sweet and Maxwell at page 325 Insolvency Act 1986 Ss40 175 and 386-3876 RSC ORD 817 S84 (1) (a) of the insolvency Act8 In Stepney Corporation v Osofsky 1937 3 ALL ER 289 at 2919 See Re Noel Tedman Holding Pty Ltd (1967) QD R 56110 Robson v Drummond (1831) 2 B AD 303 and British Waggon Co v Lea (1880) 5 QBD 14911 See Griffith v Tower Publishing Co 18971 Ch 2112 Boulton v Jones (1857) 2 H N 56413 Brace v Calder (1895) 2 QB 25314 Partnership Act 189015 The Modern Corporation and Private Proper ty, New York 193316 Bankruptcy Act 1914 S38 (1)(C)17 See Slavenburgs Bank v International Natural Resources Ltd 1980 1 W L R 1076

The Good Earth Point of View :: Good Earth Essays

The Good Earth Point of View     The Good Earth is a third-person narrative, but the story it tells is Wang Lungs. Everything that happens is described as he experiences it and as it affects him. The narrator explains Wang Lungs thoughts and feelings but almost never those of other characters. You understand them through their words and actions.   This is obviously a rather limiting way of telling a story. In staying strictly within Wang Lungs experience, the narrator cant be all-knowing. You might think that the novel could have been written in the first person, with Wang Lung as the I. alone this hero is an uneducated, indeed an illiterate farmer, and if the story were told in his words the novel would be limited not only to his experiences but to his vocabulary. In using the third-person flesh the narrator has somewhat more scope.   Yet the scope is quite limited. For example, when O-lan brings a bowl of tea to her husband on the first morning of th eir marriage, you know that she is shocked of him only because he sees the fear in her expression. Later you see that O-lan comes to trust her husband from the way that she goes about her work, taking her full share of the toil as an equal partner, and also from the way she offers advice to Wang Lung on the rare occasions when a crisis moves her to break her customary silence.   Just as the characters are described only as they affect Wang Lung, every event is told only as it relates to him. Drought, flood, locusts--all are part of the story only as they affect Wang Lung. Wars are fought all over mainland China and robber bands plunder and murder in the villages, but we learn of these dire events only as Wang Lung does. His uncle turns out to be a member of a notorious band of brigands. He learns that a robber band raided the House of Hwang during the famine. His cousin brings a band of soldiers into his house. He learns that his third son has become a gamy offici al in the revolution.

Reality and Illusion in Richard Bach’s Illusions Essay -- Richard Bach

Questioning Reality in Richard Bachs IllusionsThe message of Richard Bachs Illusions is based on the idea that the things we interpret in the world as reality are actually illusions. This is made evident to one of the main characters, Richard, through his interactions with his newly found friend, Donald Shimoda. Donald Shimoda is a messiah, and he has gifts that he uses to help mankind. A quote that Richard reads is Here is a test to find whether your mission on earth is finished If youre alive, it isnt (121). During the entire story, Don proves this quote to be true. Donald works to share his gifts and carry out his mission on earth.Richard and Don are barnstormers. They live their lives fleeting from town to town, landing in farm themes, and giving flights to local people for three dollars. Richard meets Don when Richard sees Donalds plane parked in a field as he is passing by the nearby town. Richard is very curious about this plane because it is extremely unusual to en counter other barnstormers. He as well as feels lonely at times, and he wants to see if the other barnstormer can keep him company. When Richard lands his airplane, he meets Don. He talks with Don for several moments and, despite noticing somewhat unusual quirks about Don, does not think that Don is similarly out-of the ordinary. Then he notices that Dons plane is immaculate. It does not have any nincompoop or oil or any other evidence that it has been flown before. When Richard asks Don about this, Don tells him that there are things that Richard does not know. Later in the story, however, Richard learns to a greater extent about Don and why he seems to be mysterious.Richard has a dream that reveals to him why Donald seems so mysterious. He sees a man a... ...ir problems or uncertainties. When people illuminate that they are capable of knowing the truth, they are able to overcome the illusions and to help others break their own boundaries.Donald Shimoda is aware of h is mission on earth. He knows that he has the business leader to help all of mankind, and he works to help any person who he encounters who is in need. He works hard to do so passim his entire life and until his death. When Donald dies, his work on earth really is complete. He teaches Richard to look past illusions and to see the reality behind them. Richard comes to realize that he too can perform miracles. In learning and sharing the gifts that Donald offered to the world, Richard is able to help mankind. Donald does finish his mission when he dies. However, his friend Richard has the ability to carry out the resembling mission and to help others as Donald did.